932 BUEEAU OF AMEEICAlSr ETHNOLOGY [bdll. 40 



Modal Suffixes and Particles (§§ 38-40) 



§ 38. Genei'al Characteristics 



The Siouan languag^es have a lar^e number of elements which may 

 be in part considered as suffixes, while others are undoubtedly enclitic 

 particles, which express modalities of the verb. These are evidently 

 related to similar particles that appear with the noun and with adverbs, 

 and which will be treated in § § 41 and 42, and from which they can 

 not be sharply separated. 



§ 39. Plurality 



TETOX 



Plurality of animate objects is indicated in ])oth verbs and nouns by 

 a suffix, -pL 



tA he died ta'pl they died 



slo'lAya he knows slo'lAya'pl they know 



TcoskaHaka young man Tcoskalaka'pi young men 



ca'p^a beaver tap^a'pl beavers 



There is, however, an evident disinclination to employ pi with 

 nouns, except possessives, and it is by preference placed upon a 

 following adjective. 



JcoskalaJca' yaniAni'pi three young men 

 cap'a' taH'a'pi large beavers 



This seems to indicate that the suffix is properly ver})al, and that 

 when it is emplo3''ed with nouns the signification is they are young 

 MEN or THEY ARE BEAVERS. It might be said that this element 

 pluralizes the whole sentence. Examples in Santee are — 



wihosha nom Icupi they gave him two maidens IX 86.6 

 siyo Ipeya hiyaha^j)l grouse of that kind alighted IX 99.24 



PONCA 



The corresponding element in Ponca is -/. 



^mge-hnaPi they have none regularly 335.12 {^inge there is 

 none; Ay/«™ regularl}^) 



It is not used with nouns, since the articles (see §42) express 

 plurality. 

 §§38,' 39 



