BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 933 



§ 40, Particles JSxpressing Tenses and Modalities 



TETON 



Temporal and modal relations are marked in Dakota by* particles 

 placed after the verb. 



1. Futut'e. For the future, Fta is used. 



l)Ala' 1 go l>Ala' Fta (Teton) I shall go. 



(According to Riggs, the Santee use /le instead of lie [the a of Ma 

 being changed to e] before eci'^ and epca. 



''{to dewa'Tca lie,'' eci^' ''lo! this I will dig," she thought IX 83.13 

 '"''mda. he,"" ejjta "I will go," thought I) 



2. Habitual. Habitual action is indicated by ^a. 



iha'hab iya'ya sa he went after it habitually 



3. JRegular repetition is expressed by sua. 



4. Imperative. The imperative is expressed b}'^ four elements: 



Singular Plural 



yo po 



ye JM 



ye sn'i yo go not thou! a-akta'ya n'^po' on guard be ye! 



The forms yo and^o are used by men; while ye and ji?e, which seem 

 to express a milder form of request, are used by women. 



'Hena' awa^' u^hiciyahapi ye,'' eya' "watch these for us, please," 

 she said 



After ^i and o, yo and ye change to too and 'we, respectively, in 

 accordance with the phonetic tendencies mentioned in § 4. 

 Probabl}^ ])o and j><^ contain the plural particle ji*// and it is 

 possible that yo and ye are derived from the pronominal prefix 

 of the second person, ya-. 



5. Declarative Particle, Declarative sentences in direct forms 



of address are generally closed by io. This is usually preceded 

 hj ye. 



u^ho'kitiyaka'jyi Jite sniye lo we will not tell it to her 

 hosi'cica hi ye lo I have come to tell you the news 



(In San tee this ending is generally used b}^ 3'oung men without pre- 

 ceding ye. 



w&Jii Me do I will come 



In this dialect, ye is sometimes used instead of do by women and 

 older men.) 



§ 40 



