BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 935 



The corresponding forms in Ponca are as follows: 



POXCA 



. Future, t'e [fVf, t'al] designates the future. 

 ga te fe he will die from a fall 236.1 

 sne fe ha you will go 230.3 



vM<iafe gii^'fd al/d he will be sitting eating them 235.16 

 \izHi sUdge fai ye will make a hole for a pole 61.5.1 

 stf^'s'lcdge fai d^a indeed, ye will do enough 111. 14 



fe changes, according to a general phonetic rule, to fa before the 

 article and also before the plural -«'. Thus fai is the regular 

 plural future. 



By the use of a double future, fafe and faife^ the idea of futurity 

 with certainty of the event happening is expressed. 



ga^'Kfi fafe it will be that way 227.1: 

 a^sp^ana^' fafe you surely will gaze on me 230.. 5 

 isfd ilzide faife ha your eyes will (shall) be red 578.2 

 ag4i'hdzi4a^sa^ faife they shall not come back continually 235.5 



. Imperative, (fa and a express the imperative, ga being used 

 by men, a by women. 



%ia-gd! send it here! (said by a man) 702.15 

 ihe4ai-gd! hiv ye it down! (said by a man) 231.19 

 gig4a%-a! enter jowy lodge! (said by a woman) 614.1 

 g^i^'Uiiai-a he cause ye him to sit! (said bj^ a woman) 501.18 



. Oral Htops. A number of particles perform the function of 

 oral stops. As in Dakota, some of these have distinct forms, 

 according to the sex of the speaker. Their principal function 

 seems to be to give a certain tone or modality to the predi- 

 cate, and for this reason the}^ might be more properly con- 

 sidered with the modal particles. 



a and e are used to mark emphasis. The}^ occui- (Mther as stops 

 or within the sentence. 



ha and lie express the period. 



dha"^ and eJia'^ express the exclamation. 



In all of these the «-f orms are used by men, the ^^-f orms by women. 



a'^^i'^' i^dnah.i^' a! trul}^, I am fat (said by a man) 567.9 

 iitaiewdif-e i^anahi^'i e trul}^ you hateful one! (said by a woman) 



152.2 

 sa" zani wih4aha^'i hd now I petition you all (said by a man) 690.1 



§40 



