BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN" INDIAN LANGUAGES 939 



7. -ta^ FROM. 



Examples : 



etci^' from this eta^'ha'^ from 



eha^'ta^s or eha'^' ta'^haH if (lit- heta'^' from that time 



erally, from being- in the heta'^ha^ from that time on 



preceding position) akata^'lia^ from on the outside 



Many independent post-positions appear to contain a suffix -hah; 

 but this is probably nothing more than the ^'erb Ica'jxi to excel, sur 

 PASS, GO BEYOND, contracted in composition. 



iha'l'ah behind or after iwaV''kal) above 



ifo'kab before ako'kah before the time 



§ 42. Articles 



These important elements are only weakly developed in Dakota, 

 while they are very important in Ponca. 



In Dakota we find three articles — ^/^ (after an a or «" transformed, 

 including the preceding vowels, into ecl^)\ ,^r^" (after an a or a'^ trans- 

 formed into e tikci^ [Santee], co"^ [Teton]) ; and wa"^. The following 

 San tee examples illustrate their use: 

 hii"^ expresses the idea of the definite article. 



wica^'lipi ki^ iye'ga wa'^ya'kapi they saw the stars shining IX 83.2 



{wica^lipi star; iye'ga to shine; toa'^ya'ka to see) 

 ki'ta'^na iye'liya ya^ke' ci^ the one that shines a little IX 83.4 

 {ki'ta^na a little; iye'liya to cause to shine; ya'^ka' to be) 



ho" indicates the definite article in the past. 



■it^'ma kd^ the other aforesaid one IX 83. 8 



ni'na iye'ge cikd^ the one aforesaid that shines much IX 83.7 



ivW is the indefinite article. 

 oya'te wdP- a people IX 83. 1 

 mako'ce waP' a country. 



The articles of Ponca arc much more highly developed. We 

 have to distinguish between inanimate and animate articles; and the 

 latter are differentiated as subjective and objective, singular and 

 plural. 



Following is a general review of the forms that I have found : 



I. Inanimate articles. 



1. Ve horizontal objects. 



2. te. standing objects, collective terms. 



3. (^aP- rounded objects. 



4. ge scattered objects. 



§42 



