BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 945 



In the plural, and when combined with certain particles, to performs 

 the function of an interrosfative pronoun. 



to'na how many 

 to'Jcelici^ however much 



In fact, the regular interrogative and relative pronouns tu'vKL or 

 tu'ive WHO, and ta'ku what, are properly indefinites, and so related to 

 to; and from these, or parts of these, other relative and indefinite 

 pronouns are compounded: viz., 



tuwe'ni whoever (probably who lives) 



tiiMte'l somewhere 



tuk'^ te' k' tel sometimes 



ta'ku kece'yas whatsoever 



PONCA 



The most common demonstrative pronouns are <?^, se, gd, and 

 €, The first three of these are ver^^ often followed by the article; 

 and in this case they are always printed in the texts as one word, 

 although there is apparently no difference between the use of the 

 article with the demonstrative and that with nouns. Demonstratives 

 also take enclitic adverbial terms in the same way as nouns, and in 

 these cases also the demonstrative and the adverb appear in print as 

 one word. The demonstrative e does not seem to be followed by 

 the article. As in Dakota, they form part of a few verbs. 



1. ^e refers to what is near the speaker. 

 4e egima'^ I do this 9.6 



<^e a'^st' a'^' bed t'e this (is) as you see me 26.14 

 4ea¥d ^dlx^i^ zani tewa^d-Mamd it is said he killed all three of 



these 46.16 

 (^Sarnd na'^' ^ip'ai these fear thee 23.17 

 4ema jdha these few! 28.9 

 hci^ (ie'lici agita^he Ua'^'Ma I desire to see mine this very night 



36T.5 

 (l,ega^ and, thus they say 35.2 



2. se refers to what is near the person addressed. 

 se egija^ you do that 26. 14 

 se u^ai you told him that 26.19 

 se wiwita that my own 89.4 

 seak'd mascinge-i'^' alcdpdde wdgazi that rabbit told us to cut 



it up 23.10 

 se^inUe ¥ida-gd shoot at that! 109.1 

 se^u there where you are 640.4 

 maza^' seta ^a" the land yonder by you 487.7 



§43 



44877°— Bull. 40, pt 1—10 60 



