BOAS] HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 979 



?• uvular fricative, voiced, is related to q a,s g is to k and w to jp; 

 usually articulated as far back in the mouth as q. It is quite 

 another sound than the English ?', but it has some resemblance 

 to the French and German back -7\ when untrilled, and espe- 

 cially to the Danish r, produced by friction right by the back of 

 the fauces (Jespersen, "Lehrbuch der Thonetik," § 141; Passy, 

 1, c, § 222). It is the n of the Association phonetique Inter- 

 nationale. Its articulation is especially tense when it is fol- 

 lowed by ^; e. g., 



sarqaq the sunny side 

 aarqat gloves 



rq is nothing but a modified form of long q \q:\, other combinations 

 with /' in Green landic are >-t^ rs, rF, tl, rq, nn, 7'n, ry^ tn. 

 A vowel preceding one of these sound-groups is always strongly 

 uvularized. The r modifies the character of the vowel, and is 

 anticipated in its pronunciation. The two sounds — the vowel -1- 

 the /' — in reality make up a phonetic whole (Thalbitzer I, pp. 110 

 and 152), and the following consonant is nearly always gemi- 

 nated (long). It might be symbolized thus: 



arqa his name =(fqqa \A.q:d\ 

 orssoq blubber = \o'^s:oq\ 

 erneq son =[E^n:Eq] 



When the r stands alone between vowels, its place of articulation 

 is often somewhat advanced, and the friction not very tense; 

 e. g., in nerkooq eats. In some districts (foi" instance, in the 

 Oommannaq fiord) the outgoing air is apt to escape through 

 the nose-passage, causing r to be nasalized, or [/■]; this nasal is 

 related to q [iv] as ^ to ^ or as w to- m. 

 nefiwoq (Oommannaq) eats 



B. indicates a voiceless r, short or long, =u oi the Association pho- 

 netique Internationale (Passy, 1. c, § 222). It is something like 

 ch in German (Swiss) bach. 



inaRRCiq clay 

 eRRorpaa washes it 



t« see after l. 



s is usually voiceless. In rs it resembles the English ,s, only that the 

 articulation is a little looser and the aspiration stronger. In 

 ts the articulation of s is tenser and it is farther forward than 



§2 



