364 



A STUDY OF SIOUAN CULTS. 



).), a- miidial tc, a souaut-surd. 



ts', :in exploded ts. 



%s, a medial ts, a sonant-surd. 



ai. as in aisle. 



an, aK ow in liow, 



yii, as u in tune, or iir in few. 



n, a sound between o and u. 



ii, as in riernian kiihl, siiss. 



X, gh, or nearly the Arabic ghain. See g. 



■/. (in Dakota), as z in azure. See j. 



dj, as J iu judge. 



tc, as oft in church. See c. 



tc', an exploded tc. 



Tne following have the ordiuary English sounds: b, d, h, k, 1, m, n, 

 p, 1', s, t, w, y, and z. A superior n (") after a vowel (compare the Da- 

 kota ij) has the sound of the French ii in bon, vin, etc. A plas sign ( + ) 

 after any letter prolongs it. 



The vowels 'a, 'e, 'i, 'o, 'u, and their mortifications are styled initially 

 exploded vowels for want of a better appellation, there being in each 

 case an initial explosion. These vowels can not be called "breaths," 

 as no aspiration is used with any of them; nor can they be spoken of 

 as "guttural breaths," as they are approximately or partially liectoral 

 sounds. They have been found by the author not only in the Sioaau 

 languages, but also in some of the languages of western Oregon. In 

 1880 a brother of the late Gen. Armstrong, of Hampton, Va., who was 

 born on one of the Hawaiian islands, informed the author that this 

 class of vowel sounds occurred in the language of his native land. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



The abbreviations in the interlinear translations are as follows: 



sub. — subject. Ig. —long, 



ob. — object. cv. — curvilinear. 



St. — sitting. pi. — plural, 



std. — standing. sing. — singular, 



reel. — reclining. an. — nniinate. 



inv. — moving. in. — inanimate, 

 col. — collective. 



