634 A STUDY OF SIOUAN CULTS. 



THE EARTH POWERS. 



§ 383. The TuakaTi or bowlder, the Dakota name for the Earth pow- 

 ers, i.s also called the Liugam by liiggs (§ 132), as if conuected with a 

 phallic cult (§§ 164, etc.). The Earth powers (Tunkan) and the Wind- 

 makers (Takuskanskan) are said by the Dakota to have a comiuon 

 symbol ; but is uot the symbol of the Takuskauskau a pebble {§ 376) 1 In 

 tlie Kausa war chart (see § 127) does tlie large (red) rock refer to the 

 Earth powers? Aud does the small rock refer to the Wind-makers? The 

 Earth powers aud the Wind-makers seem to be associated iu some de- 

 gree: (a) In the use of the rock symbol (if the Takuskauskau symbol 

 be a true rock), aud {b) in the use, among the Omaha, of eagle birth- 

 names in the social divisions called " Keepers of the pipes." This lat- 

 ter rests upon the assumption that the Inke-sabg is a buft'alo gens 

 which should be regarded as having some conuectiou with the Earth 

 cult. When the Omaha chiefs assembled in council the two sacred 

 pipes were filled by the Ictasanda keeper (a member of a Fire and 

 Water gens) ; but they were carried around the council lodge by the 

 Inke-sabg and j^e-da-it'aji keejiers. The liike-sab6 keeper started 

 around the lodge with oue of the pipes; when he had gone halfway 

 (i. e., as ftir as the entrance) the j^e-da-ifajT keeper stiwted from the 

 back of the lodge with the other pipe, taking care to keep behind the 

 liike-sabP keeper just half the circumference of the circle.' The x^"!^- 

 It'ajl man belonged to the Eagle or Wind-makers subgens and the 

 liike-sabg man to one that we term provisionally an Earth gens. (See 

 Fig. 104.) The liike-sabe, it is true, have a tradition that they came 

 originally from the water ; but the buffalo is specially associated with 

 the earth. Among the Dakota the buffalo and the earth are regarded 

 as oue. (§ 239.) 



KARTII GBNTE8. 



The Earth gentes, as far as we can judge, are as follows: Inke-sabP 

 and Hariga(?), two Buffalo gentes, aud the Wasabe-hit'aji, a Black 

 bear subgens, among the Omaha; the Wacabe aud Maka" (Buffalo 

 gentes,) among the Ponka; the Ma"yifika (Earth) aud Wasabe (Black 

 bear), of the Ka-nsa; the Earth and Black bear of the Osage; Black 

 bear, and perhaps Wolf, among the Iowa and Oto; Black bear, of the 

 Missouri; and Black bear and Wolf of the Winnebago. The Black 

 bear peo])le of tbe Winnebago were the only men of that tribe who 

 enforced discipline in time of war aud acted as policemen when there 

 was peace. The tradition of the Winnebago Wolf gens names four 

 brothers that were created. The tirst was green [sic] and was named 

 Blue Sky (referring to day). The second was black, and his name re- 

 ferred to night. The third was white and the fourth was gray. The 

 green,, black, and white wolves have remained iu their subterranean 



'Cm. Soc, iu 3cl An. Kept. Bur. Ethn., pp. 223, 224. 



