38 BUREAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 60 



fornia to-day, but even if it could be shown that the climatic con- 

 ditions were favorable at a given period it would still remain to be 

 shown that representatives of the human stock actu- 

 rroof of Presence .^^ i-eaclied and passed the gateway at that period, 



Necessary J ^ . „ , 



no matter what other species of mammals accom- 

 plished the feat. The establishment of such a proposition is neces- 

 sarily dependent on the discovery of traces of human remains or 

 relics of art in the region in (juestion and in formations which can 

 be safely assigned to the particular time. The failure to discover 

 traces of decidedly early forms of crania in America must be re- 

 garded as strong evidence against Tertiary or early Quater- 

 nary arrivals, and the failure to discover traces of special elementary 

 forms of art also gives countenance to this view. 



The migiations of very primitive man would be directed, no doubt, 



much as are those of the larger mannnals, along lines 

 Nature of Race ^^ least resistance, as determined by such factors as 



Movements ' "■' 



multiplication of numbers, food supply, pressure 

 of foes, geographical and climatic conditions, and instincts ac- 

 quired during long periods of experience. The migratory move- 

 ments of civilized man are governed more fully by well-detined ulti- 

 mate considerations of Avelfare. The movements of the pioneers of 



the race would not be those of simple migration from 

 Vicissitudes of a native seat. Each step would be the result of pres- 



ISIiuration ^ _ ^ 



sure of some foi'm which by degrees would push 

 groups out of their oi'iginal habitat, thence from environment to en- 

 vii'onment, each step requii'ing painful processes of exploitation and 

 adaptation, each alike subjecting the group to danger of disaster and 

 even of complete annihilation. We may fairly assume, however, 

 that the perpetual struggle for existence necessarily engaged in by 

 migrating hordes dealing with new and perplexing conditions would 

 develop the hardihood and the higher attributes of mind which in 

 time came to chai'acterize the race, making possible the conquest of 

 the remoter parts of the world. 



Considering the conditions under which dissemination is here as- 

 sumed to have taken place, it seems highly improb- 

 rpopiins of Any .^jjip ^1-,.^^ j-,^.„-^ ^^ould occupv all lauds while still 



Land Requires . . . . • j? tj. 



P,.oof withm the very primitive stages oi culture progress, 



and we are bound to insist at least that early or 

 even late peopling of any land should not be taken for granted, 

 but that it should be established by evidence of the strongest 

 kind. When Ave recall the difiiculty Avith Avhich the civilized na- 

 tions of Europe, possessed of seagoing craft capable of carrying 

 many hundreds of men and making sea voyages of thousands of 

 miles, and, Avhat is quite as essential, inspired by the passion for 



