138 BUREAU OF AMEKICAX ETHXOLOGY [bill. 60 



tricts extensive and higiily developed systems of irrigation were de- 

 vised, and the remains of the stone-built aqueducts bear evidence of 

 engineering skill of a surprisingly high order. To increase and retain 

 the tillable area the mountain slopes were terraced to great heights, 

 the successive steps being faced with walls of stone, which were 

 ascended by rude stairways. The terraces have, as a rule, been 

 long abandoned, but the ribbed hills are to-day visible on every hand. 

 The implements employed were hoes and spades of primitive form 

 made of wood armed with points or blades of stone or copper, 

 numerous examples of these having been preserved to the present 

 time. Storehouses were built in every community, and doubtless 

 traces of these ai'e still to be found in some sections. INIaize was 

 the chief ])r()duct, and the many \arieties found and perpetuated 

 even to the present time afford e\idence of independent development 

 covering a long period of time. 



The archeologist must concern himself also with the zooculture 

 of the Andean highland, this being the only American 

 Domestic Animals ivgion in whicli auimals, except the dog, were domes- 

 ticated and emj)loyed in transj)ortation, as a source of 

 food supply, and as an important source of the materials of the tex- 

 tile arts. The llama and alpaca, as shown by archeological as well as 

 by biological e\idence, have been subject to domestication for un- 

 numbered centuiies. 



The exi)ansion of the Inca dominion to include distant regions 

 diflicult of access led to the building of i-oads. and 

 icoads engineering achie\ementH of remarkable character 



were the result. A highwaj^ extended to the north 

 fioiu Cuzco. travei'sing mountain regions of the wildest character for 

 thousands of miles. Anotlier extended along the coast, connecting the 

 numerous \alley ])ueblos, while other I'oads connected these two main 

 thoroughfares. These roads, which were in use at the coming of the 

 Spanish in\adei's, are well described l)y the early annalists, and 

 ti'aces remain to-day, although in the main they are obliterated by 

 the new system of highways, which had to a("commodate not only 

 pedesti-ians and Ihiijia ti-ains l)ut wlieeled vehicles as well, the latter 

 l)eing ]:)re\iously unknown to the natives. 



The architectui-al lemains of the area are of vast extent and 

 \aried in character and al)ound in urii(|ue features, 

 Archiiecture which find uo pai-allcl either in Amei'ica oi* in the 



Old Woi'ld. In plan, ele\ation, material, construc- 

 tion, and einbcllishinenl the buildings \!irv with the region, the peo- 

 ple, and the ])er-iod. Stone was used almost exclusively in the 

 hiurhlands and adobe and concrete in the coastal districts. The build- 



