140 BUREAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. GO 



sive sc-.ile, and who were given to war and the chase. Between 

 Quito on the north and Tucuman on the south nearly every variety 

 of minor stone artifact known to our prehistoric peoples is found. 

 The hammer, the little observed but onniiscient engine of culture, is 

 of shapes connnon the world o\er. and axes of every known tvpe 

 occur. Chipped implements, including arrow, spear, and harpoon 

 heads, however, are comparatively rare, but those of bone and metal 

 are of frequent occurrence. Club heads are of excellent make, many 

 stellar in form and tastefully ornamented, and bolas stones and 

 digging weights are found in some sections. The metal implementy 

 were modeled after corres})onding implements of stone but wei'e 

 often elaborated in many directions into types unknown elsewhere. 



The metallurgical arts were advanced to the highest American 

 stage. Gold, silver, and copjjer, and alloys of these were extensive!}' 

 employed and with great skill in the manufacture of personal orna- 

 ments and other articles in astonishing variety. 



Among the scientific explorers of this area are Sfjuier, Bingham, 

 Sa^ille, Uhle, jNIarkham, AViener, Reiss and Stiibel, Hrdlicka, Dorsey, 

 and Bandelier. 



19. The South Axdean-Pactfic Area 



In Chile and Argentina the wide Andean highland narrows down 



to a compact mountain range without high plateaus 

 Araucanian Cui- ^^^, ij.ii,ital)le valleys of auv considerable extent, with 



precipitous descent to the narrow rim of lowland 

 along the Pacific and a more gradual descent across the pampas of 

 middle Argentina and the broken plains and plateaus of Patagonia 

 to the Atlantic. The sturdy Araucanian tribes of Chile were never 

 conciuered by the Inca and were never fully overcome by the Span- 

 ish, but are now being rapidly absorbed into the mixed agricultural 

 population. They had made considerable progress in the seden- 

 tary arts and were practicing a rudimentary agriculture. On the 

 Pacific side traces of the advanced culture characterizing north- 

 ern Chile fall off abruptly south of the Maule to a culture level but 

 little above that occupied b}^ the Araucanians when first visited 



by the Spanish. In middle Chile numerous well- 

 stone impioments fashioned implements, utensils, and other artifacts 



are found, seemingly in large measui'e free from Inca 

 influence. Among these are mortai-s and pestles, axes, celts, annular 

 digging-stick Aveiglits, net sinkers, projectile points, and tobacco 

 pipes. Oddly enough, the digging weights duplicate those of Cali- 

 fornia, while the pipes find close counterparts in the Mississippi Val- 

 ley. The chipped implements — arrowheads, spearheads, knives, 

 scrapers, and drills — are of ordinary forms. Limited traces of relics 



