280 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [wll. 60 



employed for breaking, (lri\ing, gi-iiuliiig, cracking, aiul killing, and 

 sharp-edged antl pointed stones for cutting, SvTa[)ing, drilling, pierc- 

 ing, antl picking; but the urcheologist has little to do with the nn- 

 modilied forms, since it is not easy to say that any given specimen 

 was used at all unless it bears decided marks of use, and if shaped 



thus by use the stone may be classed with artificial 

 siiapiii;; i).v Use forms, although not the result of design. This is the 



case with a multitude of mortars, pestles, al)raders, 

 hammers, picks, and other implements and utensils in use to-day 

 or discarded upon deserted and ancient sites. Again, many of the 



simpler forms of artifacts did not call for much 

 Improvised Tools elaboration, as they could be made at once with 



a few strokes of the hammer. The hunter and 

 warrior were able to supply themsehes at slight cost of labor 

 Avith weapon points as emergency re(|uired, and eflicient bam- 

 mei-s, axes, knives, picks, scrapers, and the like were made with 



ease. The more highly specialized forms recjuii'cd 

 Do-rccs of uiijiio- tinu^'and in many cases no doul)t, Avhere there was 



m I' n t S|irci:ili-/,;i- i i> i i i t n i i 



(i,,ii no need of haste, the woric was gi'a<lually brought to 



completion by intermittent labor. Whei'c materials 

 wei'e plentiful and the demand great, imi^lements, and especiall_v im- 

 plement lilanks of certain classes, w^ere often gotten out in numbers, 

 nnd the sites became workshops or factories, and there was an o[)por- 

 tunity for, and no doubt a tendency toward, spcciali- 

 ui'bor ''^^"''" " zation of labor. It was more convenient and profit- 

 able wdiere sei)ai'ate ojjei'ations, each recjuiring special 

 skill, were involved, to have hidividiials v>r groups of craftsmen give 

 exclusive attention to the separate steps: First, to quarrying; second, 

 to breakdng up the material and selecting choice available pieces in 

 numbers; third, to roughing out blank foi-ms in 

 stops in siu'ciai- numbers; and fourth, to the woi'k of tr'innning, 



iz:.li.iii of lnii)Ic- • T • 1 a • ^ • rri • 11 1 



„i,i,ts specializing, and hnishmg. Ihis avouIo ai>]ny more 



especially to the fracture-made implements. These 

 four well-defined steps gave rise to separate industi'ies cai'ried on by 

 tlie same indixiduals at different times or places, oi- l)y distinct groiq^s 

 of ex]X'rts at convenient times and places. It would seem that the 

 second and third steps, whether performed by one or by two groups 

 of wo]'kmen, were generally accomplished on the spot yielding the 

 raw material. It w^ould be unprofitable to transport for long dis- 

 tances masses of material of which nine-tenths would finally, from 

 the vicissitudes of fracture, be consigned to the refuse heap. The 

 l)lank foi'uis of articles to be shaped, worked out so far as tc test 

 tlioroughly the material and its capacity foi' specialization in desired 

 dircrtions, were i'{'nio\(Ml fi-oui tlie sources of supply, to be (inish('(l 

 \\!ien conxenient oi- when need demanded. Of course the shaping 



