CYCLOPHORUS. 
Puate I. 
Genus CYCLOPHORUS, De Montford. 
Testa globoso-turbinata, ampliter umbilicata ; anfractibus 
ad suturas plerumque depressiusculis, deinde rotunda- 
tis; aperturd plus minus circulari, labro sepissime 
reflexo ; operculum corneum, tenue arctispirum, extus 
concavum. 
Shell globosely turbinated, largely umbilicated; whorls 
generally rather depressed at the sutures, then 
rounded; aperture more or less circular, lip mostly 
reflected; operculum horny, thin, close-spired, con- 
cave externally. 
Cyclophorus, it is scarcely necessary to mention, is a 
division of the Lamarckian genus Cyclostoma. So varied 
an assemblage of forms—some with a horny, some with a 
shelly operculum—as were associated together in that 
genus could not long be maintained, and the discovery of 
still more varied forms with yet stranger varieties of oper- 
cula made a new subdivision of the group indispensable. 
This has been so ably effected by Dr. Pfeiffer, in his 
*Monographia Pheumonopomorum Viventium,’ that I pro- 
pose, with a few trifling exceptions, to follow the genera 
of his now universally adopted classification. 
The Cyclophori, comprising many of the most beautiful 
species of the family, are extremely local; all, indeed, of 
a marked typical character are natives of that very prolific 
and truly interesting region at the south-eastern corner of 
Europe, occupying, with its adjacent islands, some twenty- 
five to thirty degrees north of the Equator. There are 
no Cyclophori in Afghanistan or the Punjab; but at 
Sikkim-Himalaya, and the Neilgherry and Khasiah Hills, 
magnificent species appear. Descending towards the 
Equator in an easterly direction, the genus may be said 
to have its maximum development in the Burmese territo- 
ries, Siam and Cambojia, and in Malacca and the Malay 
Peninsula. Four or five species, of a characteristic dis- 
coidal type, are found in Ceylon, but only two can be said 
to be peculiar to that island. Two species are reported 
from China, five from Sumatra and Java, two from the 
Bashees, and about a dozen were collected by Mr. Cuming 
in the Philippine Islands. Borneo contributes four spe- 
cies, and Amboyna one. The remaining species of the 
eastern hemisphere are, two inhabiting South Africa, one 
from the Island of Madagascar. Two small species, va- 
rieties probably of the same abnormal form, have been 
described from Swan River, Australia; two from New 
Hebrides; and five from other islands in the South Pa- 
cific; but these have very little relationship with the In- 
dian types, and even their generic position is not altogether 
satisfying. In the western hemisphere Cyclophorus is re- 
presented by nine species of a quite distinct type, par- 
taking more of the form of Cyclotus, in Central America 
and two in Brazil. A species is also recorded from the 
West Indies. 
Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.) 
CycLOPHORUS INVOLVULUS. Cycl. lestd conspicué umbi- 
licatd, orbiculari-turbinatd, solidd, fulvescente-alba, 
castaneo saturate marmoratd, versus apicem fulguratda, 
ad peripheriam pallida, deinde late fasciaté ; anfrac- 
tibus subrotundatis, superné spiraliter liratis, liris nu- 
merosis, subirregularibus ; aperturd circulari, fauce 
prope labrum aurantio-rufa, labro incrassato, parum 
reflexo. 
THE CaNKER-WoRM CycLopHorus. Shell conspicuously 
umbilicated, orbicularly turbinated, solid, fulvous- 
white, darkly marbled with chestnut, zigzag-marked 
towards the apex, pale at the periphery, then broadly 
banded, whorls somewhat rounded, spirally ridged at 
the upper part, ridges numerous, rather irregular ; 
aperture circular, interior orange-red towards the lip, 
lip thickened, but little reflected. 
Helix involvulus, Miller, Hist. Verm. vol. 1. p. 84. 
Tubo volvulus (pars), Chemnitz. 
Cyclostoma voloulus (pars), Lamarck. 
Cyclostoma involoulus, Gray. 
Cyclophora involwulus, Swainson. 
Hab. Ceylon; India. 
C. volvulus and involvulus, well distinguished by Miiller, 
were confounded together by Lamarck. C. cnvolvulus is 
much the commoner species, rather smaller, of more solid 
substance, spirally ridged on the upper surface, pale and 
smooth around the umbilicus, and especially characterized 
by an orange-red throat to the aperture. 
Species 2. (Fig. a, 6, Mus. Benson.) 
CycLtopHorus MALAYANUS. 
bilicatd, subtransversé turbinatd, albidd, rufo-castaneo 
Cycl. testa subampliter um- 
fasciatd et lentiginosd, ad peripheriam anguste pallida, 
deinde subangusté saturate fasciata, fascia hic allie ar- 
August, 1861. 
