64 FARTHEST NORTH 



for the Norwegian navy, and had lain under cover at 

 Horten for 30 years. They were all grown to shape, and 

 lo-ii inches thick. The frames were built in two 

 courses or tiers, closely wrought together, and connected 

 by bolts, some of which were riveted. Over each joint 

 flat iron bands were placed. The frames were about 21 

 inches (56 cm.) wide, and were placed close together, with 

 only about an inch or an inch and a half between; and 

 these interstices were filled with pitch and sawdust mixed, 

 from the keel to a little distance above the water-line, 

 in order to keep the ship moderately water-tight, even 

 should the outer skin be chafed through. 



The outside planking consists of three layers. The 

 inner one is of oak, 3 inches thick, fastened with spikes 

 and carefully calked ; outside this another oak sheathing, 

 4 inches thick, fastened with through bolts and calked ; 

 and outside these comes the ice-skin of greenheart, which 

 like the other planking runs right down to the keel. At 

 the water-line it is 6 inches thick, gradually diminishing 

 towards the bottom to 3 inches. It is fastened with nails 

 and jagged bolts, and not with through bolts ; so that if 

 the ice had stripped off the whole of the ice sheathing 

 the hull of the ship would not have suffered any great 

 damage. The lining inside the frame timbers is of pitch- 

 pine planks, some 4, some 8 inches thick ; it was also 

 carefully calked once or twice. 



The total thickness of the ship's sides is, therefore, 

 fron^ 24 to 28 inches of solid water-tioht wood. It will 



