20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bdll. 79 



and to make war means nanki hukitinyu, literally "to carry lance 

 for the combat." 



When a whole tribe, or eventually several tribes in union, prepare 

 a war against one or more other tribes, the first thing done is to elect 

 a common chief. He should be an elderly, experienced man, who has 

 taken part in several wars, killed many enemies, and celebrated at 

 least one tsantsa feast. The rest of the warriors, who are generally 

 younger men, swear him unlimited obedience. During the time the 

 expedition is planned and the preparations are made, the warriors, 

 and especially the chief, repeatedly drink maikoa or natema to con- 

 sult the spirits. They pay great attention to their dreams, even to 

 those not produced under the direct influence of the narcotic drinks; 

 tell them to each other, and discuss their possible significations. Only 

 in case they believe that they have received favorable answers and 

 all omens are good are measures taken to carry out the war plan con- 

 ceived. Meanwhile they try, through spies, to acquire as accurate a 

 knowledge as possible about everything concerning the enemy : how 

 many houses there are in the tract, how many fighting men in each 

 house, if the houses are fortified, if the men are well armed, and 

 especially if they have firearms. All these and similar details the 

 spies investigate by making trips into the country of the enemy 

 and by stealing at night to the houses. Everything is prepared with 

 the greatest secrecy possible, so that the enemy is caught unprepared, 

 for otherwise he will have time to take measures of defense that 

 may defeat the whole undertaking. 



About a week before the warriors start for the expedition they 

 assemble every night in the house of the chief, who develops the 

 plan of the war, gives his men the necessary instructions, exhorts 

 them to take courage, not to fear the enemy, not to abandon their 

 comrades, etc. Part of these instructions are given during the 

 war dance or exercise with the lance, which is called enema or 

 anekma (the corresponding verb is e7iemdrtinyu or anekmaktinyu) . 

 Enema is a dialogue between two warriors, who through certain 

 movements of the body, and especially of their lances, give empha- 

 sis to their words. Enema with the lance (or with a rifle) takes 

 place not only as a preparation for a war, but also, for instance, 

 when two Indians, who are unknown to each other, suddenly meet 

 while traveling in the forest (pi. 5, a), or when unknown guests 

 arrive at a house. The one party then has to find out who the new- 

 comer is, if he comes as an enemy or as a friend, from where ho 

 comes, where he is going, what business he pursues, etc. The con- 

 versation all through has a ceremonial character, and menacing 

 movements with the lance accompany each word or phrase. 



The dialogue at the enAma is rather stereotyped, the words being 

 always about the same and being repeated several times. The fol- 



