16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 69 
These were the Quapaw, whose name signifies downstream people. 
Others went up the Mississippi, among them the Omaha, which may be 
translated those going against the wind or current. Evidently the 
Siouan tribes formerly lived in that part of the Ohio Valley found 
vacant when first entered by the whites, and they were probably the 
builders of the great earthworks in the form of circles, squares, and 
many of complicated designs, which are the most remarkable of the 
many ancient works existing east of the Mississippi. 
Although the great body of the Siouan people had left the eastern 
country before the coming of Europeans, yet some small groups of 
this linguistic family remained. These were the Catawba, Cheraw, 
Saponi, and Tutelo, of southern Virginia and central North and Seuth 
Carolina. The Waccamaw, on the coast north of Charleston, south — 
of the Cape Fear Indians of North Carolina, were Siouan, and the 
Congaree and Santee, on streams bearing their tribal names, were 
the southernmost members of this stock. The chief of the latter is 
said to have had absolute power over his people, an unusual state 
among the Indians of North America. The Monacan confederacy of 
piedmont Virginia undoubtedly belonged to this stock, their chief 
town being Rasawek, at the junction of the James and Rivanna, in 
Fluvanna County, Virginia. Adjoining them on the north were 
other tribes, evidently Siouan, grouped under the name Manahoac as 
first applied by Capt. John Smith three centuries and more ago. The 
Siouan tribes of piedmont Virginia were the avowed enemies of the 
Algonquians, or Powhatan confederacy of the tidewater region, and 
tribal boundaries were seldom more clearly defined than that between 
these two groups. It extended almost due north from the falls of 
the Appomattox, now the site of Petersburg, crossing the James just 
above the falls, now Richmond, and continuing northward. 
Far distant from the preceding were the Biloxi on the Gulf coast 
and the Ofo on the lower Yazoo River, both in the present State of 
Mississippi. These were detached Siouan tribes, speaking a dialect 
quite similar to that of the Tutelo and Saponi of Virginia, but differ- 
ing from that of the Catawba, although a certain old tradition would 
seem to connect them with the latter. (Schoolcraft, (1), III, p. 293.) 
The Winnebago, first encountered by Nicollet in 1634 at their villages 
on the shore of Green Bay, Wisconsin, were likewise Siouan, at that 
time neighbors of Algonquian tribes, with whom they had certain cus- 
toms in common, although speaking a distinct language. 
The Uchean family may formerly have been quite numerous and 
powerful, although since its discovery it has evidently been repre- 
sented by asingle tribe. They appear to have been the Chisca of the 
De Soto narratives and to have lived beyond the mountains, proba- 
bly north of the Cherokee. Later they moved southeast to the valley 
of the Savannah, and early in the eighteenth century some went to 
