BUSHNELL] NATIVE VILLAGES AND VILLAGE SITES 33 
and goe to the most desart places with their families, where they passe 
the tyme with hunting and fowling up towards the mountaines, by 
the heads of their rivers, wher in deed there is plentye of game. . . . 
Theire huntinge howses are not soe laboured, substancyall, nor 
artyficyall as their other, but are like our soldiers’ cabins, the frame 
sett up in too or three howers, cast over head with matts, which the 
women beare after them as they carry likewise corne, acornes, 
morters, and all bag and baggage to use, when they come to the 
place where they purpose for the tyme to hunt.” 
It is interesting to compare the preceding account of the life and 
customs of the southern Algonquian tribes with Roger Williams’s 
description of the manners of the Narraganset, especially when it 
is realized that both were written during the same generation. In 
the North, forced by the severity of the long winters, it is evident 
many sought the protection of “thick warme vallies,” which was not 
necessary in the South. But when the hunting season came the 
different families would remove to a distance, where game was plenti- 
ful and more easily obtained, and there establish their rather tempo- 
rary hunting camps by erecting shelters of bark, easily and quickly 
raised. To secure food was not the only reason for undertaking 
these distant journeys, as many skins had to be obtained, later to 
be tanned and made into moccasins and various garments, and to 
serve various purposes in the wigwams. 
Many ancient sites have been discovered along the streams of 
tidewater Virginia, marking the positions of the villages indicated 
by Capt. John Smith. Many of these had undoubtedly been visited 
by Strachey and were known to him before he prepared his general 
description. In some localities banks of oyster shells, intermingled 
with bits of pottery, implements of stone and bone, and fragments of 
bones of animals which had served as food, alone mark the position 
of some ancient settlement which may have been frequented by the 
first colonists. Of other sites fewer traces remain, and in. some 
instances all evidence has disappeared. Kecoughtan, which stood 
on the left bank of the James, near its mouth, and was probably 
the second of the native villages seen by the Jamestown colonists 
in 1607, has left very little to mark its position, and the same is true 
of other sites which figured in the early history of the colonies. 
Adjoining the Virginia tribes on the south, and differmg in no 
manner from them, were the villages discovered by the English 
expeditions sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh. When the first ships 
arrived off the coast in July, 1584, they reached ‘“‘an Island, which 
they call Raonoak, distant from the harbour by which we entred, 
seven leagues: and at the North end thereof was a village of nine 
houses, built of Cedar, and fortified round about with sharp trees, 
108851°—19——3 
