BUSHNELL] NATIVE VILLAGES AND VILLAGE SITES i | 
19, 1675, they suffered a disastrous defeat and lost more than 1,000 
in killed and missing. Those who escaped sought refuge among 
other tribes. Many small kindred tribes lived south of the St. Law- 
rence River, while extending southward from near the lower extrem- 
ity of Lake Champlain, on both banks of the Hudson, were the Ma- 
hican. On the east bank of the stream they joined the Wappinger 
near the present Poughkeepsie, and on the opposite side merged 
with the Munsee in the vicinity of Catskill Creek. Eastward they. 
occupied the upper portion of the valley of the Housatonic in western 
Massachusetts. The Manhattan, a tribe belonging to the Wappinger 
confederacy, gave the name to the island where once they had several 
small settlements. Manhattan signifies the Island of Hills. The 
Munsee, already mentioned, was one of the three principal tribes 
of the Delaware or Lenape, with whom Penn concluded the first 
treaty in 1682 at their village of Shackamaxon, on the site of Ger- 
» Mantown, a suburb of Philadelphia. 
Southward other Algonquian tribes dominated the coast to the 
vicinity of the Neuse, in the present State of North Carolina, about 
the southernmost members of this great linguistic family being the 
people of Roanoak, on the island of Wococon, discovered in the 
summer of 1584 by the first expedition sent out by Sir Walter 
Raleigh. 
The western Algonquian group claimed and occupied the greater 
parts of the present States of Indiana, Illmois, Wisconsin, and 
Michigan, and later, partsof Ohio. The more important of these were 
the Menominee of northeastern Wisconsin; the Sauk.and Fox, who 
_ were probably first encountered on the lower Michigan peninsula 
and later removed to the westward of Lake Michigan; the Peoria, 
Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Cahokia, and Tamaroa, five tribes constitut- 
ing the loosely formed Illinois confederacy; the Miami group; and 
the widely scattered Shawnee. 
While the eastern Algonquian appear to have been sedentary, and 
to have remained for many generations in a given section, the tribes 
of the west seemed to have developed a great movement about the 
time of the discovery of their country by the French which resulted 
in many removing their villages to distant localities. The Peoria 
were discovered by Marquette early in the summer of 1673 occupying 
a large village on the right bank of the Mississippi near the mouth 
of the Des Moines River. Two months later they were found living 
on the banks of the Illinois. The Kaskaskia occupied the great town 
of Pontdalamia which stood on the bank of the Illinois in the present 
county of La Salle, and was visited by the French late in 1679. The 
village was probably occupied until 1703, when the Kaskaskia moved 
southward and settled near the mouth of the stream which now bears 
their name, in Randolph County, Illinois, a few miles below the future 
