56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 69 
protected, have been encountered. Similar sites have been en- 
countered in the territory westward from that of the Five Nations, 
south of Lake Erie. These were probably the towns of the ancient 
Eries, the Cat Nation of the.French, who disappeared from history 
about the middle of the seventeenth century. There may have been 
little or no difference in the appearance of the towns of the Huron, 
the Erie, and the Five Nations. Some were strongly palisaded; 
others were open, with the habitations more scattered. 
Extending southward from the land of the Five Nations, following 
the valley of the Susquehanna tc the shores of Chesapeake Bay, lived 
other Iroquoian tribes, the best known being those whose name is 
now applied to the river along which their villages once stood. Here 
they were met by Capt. John Smith and his party of Virginia colo- 
nists during the summer of 1608. The English were awed when they 
encountered these people. ‘‘Such great and well proportioned men, 
are seldome seene, for they seemed like Giants to the English, yea 
and to the neighbours: yet seemed of an honest and simple dispo- 
sition, [and they were] with much adoe restrained from adoring the 
discoverers as Gods.”” Their principal towns were some miles above 
the mouth of the river, were six in number, and some, if not all, were 
protected by palisades. The houses .were covered with mats or 
bark, and probably very often both mats and bark served to cover one 
structure. An engraving, entitled ‘‘The Indian Fort Sasquesahanok,”’ 
appeared on the Moll map of 1720. This, however, was obviously 
copied from the drawing of Pomeioc made by White in 1585. In 
printing the plate the view was reversed, but the relative arrange- 
ment remained the same. The'curious landscape was evidently 
prepared to add to the deception; nevertheless the general appearance 
of the village may not have differed greatly from the picture, which — 
was probably typical of the whole region. This is reproduced in 
plate 9, a. On the Herrman map of 1673 a cluster of eight houses, 
surrounded by a palisade, bears the legend ‘‘The present Sassqua- 
hanna Indian fort,” and is placed on the right bank of the stream 
just above the Conewago Falls, in the present York County, Penn- 
sylvania. The latter was probably one of the ancient sites earlier 
indicated on Smith’s map as being the position of a ‘‘King’s howse.” 
On the same map Smith shows the town of Utchowig on what appears 
‘to have been the West Branch of the Susquehanna. This, according 
to the belief of Hewitt, was probably near the present city of Lock- 
haven, Clinton County. Just below Lockhaven, in the West 
Branch, is Great Island, known to have been the site of ancient 
Indian settlements, and which may have been, and probably was, at 
one time occupied by the Susquehanna village of Utchowig. The 
Susquehanna were driven southward by the Iroquois, or Five 
Nations, about the year 1675, and later the valley of the stream was 
