92 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 69 
About the beginning of the seventeenth century the Calusa are 
known to have maintained regular intercourse with Cuba, passing to 
and fro in their canoes. Such intercommunication may have been 
even more extensive in earlier times. 
Three stocks remain to be considered—Siouan, Uchean, and 
Tunican—widely separated and not extensive. 
It is quite evident that some generations before the French entered 
the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio, and discovered the rich lands 
lying westward from the Alleghenies, Siouan tribes had occupied the 
region about the headwaters of the latter stream, whence they had 
removed westward, reached the Mississippi, and there scattered. 
But all the tribes of this stock’ then living in the east did not join in 
the movement, and at the time of the settlement of Virginia, and for 
many years later, tribes belonging to this linguistic family occupied 
the piedmont country, between the Algonquian territory on the east 
‘and the Alleghenies on the west, and may even have continued into 
the mountain valleys. In Virginia were the several tribes which 
formed the Monacan confederacy, and the better known Saponi 
and Tutelo, whose villages about the year 1675 were near the southern 
boundary of Virginia, in the valley of the Roanoke. Other related 
tribes occupied the country southward probably to and beyond the 
Santee, in central South Carolina. For many years after the coming 
of the English colonists there must necessarily have been some inter- 
course between them and the various tribes in question, but unfortu- 
nately few accounts have been preserved of the manners and customs _ 
of the native people, and little is known of the appearance of their 
many towns and camps. Practically all of the available information 
relating to the habits of the ‘‘Siouan tribes of the East’? has been 
collected and presented in a single, small volume. (Mooney (1).) . 
The ‘‘town house”’ of the southern tribes found its counterpart 
among the eastern Siouan, although they may have been of somewhat 
lighter construction. But whether such structures were erected by 
the neighbors of the Monacan northward is not known. However, 
if a statement by Lawson is to be accepted literally they were not 
found north.of the Saponi. 
On December 28, 1700, John Lawson, surveyor general of Carolina, 
started from Charleston on a journey through the Indian country. 
The account of his experiences was later printed in his History of 
Carolina, a volume filled with information pertaining to the customs 
of the native tribes of the region through which he passed. arly in 
the year 1701 his party, consisting of several Englishmen and Indian 
guides, arrived at the village of the Waxsaw, probably on the bank 
of Waxsaw Creek, a tributary of the Catawba, in the country now 
embraced within the present Lancaster County, South Carolina, and 
Union and Mecklenburg Counties, North Carolina. Here the English 
