14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 68 
word. Tunica and Atakapa have special affixes indicating reci- 
procity, but in Chitimacha this function is combined with the reflexive. 
In Chitimacha and Atakapa the word for ‘‘thing’’ is employed very 
frequently in such close connection with the verb as to assume the 
appearance of an affix. This condition is approached in Tunica, but 
only in a distant manner. Tunica is also marked off from the other 
two languages by the occurrence of a dual number, and it is almost 
equally unique in that the pronouns and pronominal affixes indicate 
sex gender, not merely in the third person but in the second also. 
So far grammatical gender has not been detected in Atakapa but it 
occurs in Chitimacha, though I have been unable to identify it in the 
plural. In Chitimacha the absence of a well-defined group of objec- 
tive pronominal affixes is in some measure made good by the use of a 
general objective affix. This seems to occur in Atakapa as well. In 
Chitimacha we find two suffixes for the third person plural. One of 
these is an indefinite with passive significance employed in the forma- 
tion of many nouns. In Tunica the masculine pronominal suffix of 
the third person plural is used similarly, and it is to be noted that its 
regular functions appear to be usurped to some extent by its feminine 
counterpart. There are indications of something of the same kind in 
Atakapa, particularly in the eastern dialect, where a considerable | 
number of nouns appear to end in the pronominal suffix of the third 
person, plural. 
Chitimacha employs a small number of affixes to particularize the 
state of the action, whether it is directed toward or from some person 
or object, back toward the place from which it started, is completed, or 
directed downward. Corresponding in part to this, Tunica uses four 
locatives, which also occur in independent postpositions, and define 
whether the motion is in, out, up, or down. Motion toward and away 
from are denoted by two independent stems, but it is quite possible 
that these contain prefixes which have become permanently attached 
by continuous usage. Atakapa has no regular dependent affixes of 
this character, but uses in the same manner as Tunica some inde- 
pendent postpositions and one prefix taken from a locative nominal 
suffix to indicate motion upward, motion above but high up, ‘‘ with,” 
ahead, and perhaps outward. 
In Tunica there are half a dozen auxiliaries, employed very much 
like suffixes, and forming a distinct class. In Chitimacha and 
Atakapa we do not have such a class but we do find a number of 
auxiliaries occurring in a similar position with respect to the principal 
verb, though in these languages, particularly Atakapa, the difference 
between the use of principal stem plus auxiliary and two stems 
together in verb composition is not as well marked as the condition 
we find in Tunica. In Chitimacha and Atakapa the negative suffixis — 
used as an auxiliary; in Tunica it is always a suffix but may be em- 
ployed with a peculiar negative stem as an independent verb. Tunica — 
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