SWANTON ] TUNICA, CHITIMACHA, AND ATAKAPA LANGUAGES 1s 
differs from the others in employing the cardinal numerals, the dis- 
tributive particle, and the adjective ‘‘all’’ as verbal suffixes. 
All three languages have continuative, perfect, and noun-forming 
affixes. Usitative and volitional suffixes are found in Chitimacha 
and Atakapa. They are wanting in Tunica but it seems possible to 
detect vestiges of both. All three languages indicate future time in 
approximately the same manner; Atakapa is peculiar, however, in 
having two future suffixes instead of one. Chitimacha and Atakapa 
are furthermore associated by employing a kind of infinitive suffix 
giving the effect of English ‘‘being.” While the position of this 
suffix in the verb complex varies considerably, its functional identity 
is beyond question. It is largely syntactic in character, being used 
to subordinate one verb or clause to another. In Atakapa it is 
placed after the independent pronouns to add emphasis, but in most 
Chitimacha pronouns it has become combined as an essential element. 
It is found also in Tunica but its use there is purely syntactic. 
Chitimacha is notable for two suffixes, auxiliary in character, covering 
the concepts ‘‘to do” and ‘“‘to cause.”” In Tunica the former belongs 
to the class of auxiliaries above mentioned, while the latter is an 
independent verb, and in Atakapa both are independent or at least 
semi-independent verbs. Nevertheless, there is a clear vestige in 
Tunica of the causal auxiliary employed in precisely the same position. 
In Tunica we find a verbal suffix of interrogative and imperative 
force, and this is paralleled in Chitimacha by a particle employed in 
the same position, though it is rather interrogative than imperative. 
There is a corresponding particle in Atakapa which is purely interroga- 
tive. Atakapa is more careful in distinguishing imperatives than 
either of the other languages. No affix whatever appears in the 
second person singular, but separate suffixes are used for the first 
person plural and the second person plural. Chitimacha has a dis- 
tinct suffix for the first person plural, and employs one also tor the 
second person singular which appears to be used in the second person 
plural also. Tunica imperatives are sometimes accompanied by the 
suffix above mentioned; sometimes they appear without any suffix 
whatsoever other than the appropriate subjective pronominal sign. 
Past time is clearly marked off from present in Atakapa, distinguished, 
though not so clearly, in Chitimacha, and still less clearly in Tunica. 
Two, and occasionally three, principal verb stems may be put in one 
complex in Tunica by a simple process of juxtaposition. This takes 
place in the other two languages also, but in a limited number of 
cases; more often one verb is subordinated to another by means of 
certain suffixes. Atakapa is peculiar in making frequent use, as 
first elements of a verb complex, of stems indicating certain general 
concepts such as to sit, to go, to come, to stand, accompanied by a 
single suffix. In Tunica and Chitimacha the concept “to be”’ is 
expressed in part by an independent stem; in Atakapa it is always 
