SWANTON ] TUNICA, CHITIMACHA, AND ATAKAPA LANGUAGES Iie 
employ suffixes to form numeral adverbs from which ordinals are not 
clearly marked off. In Tunica numeral adverbs are formed by 
’ placing an independent word after the cardinal, but ordinals seem to 
be given sometimes as identical with cardinals, while sometimes they 
appear accompanied by the distributive particle. Distributive nu- 
merals are formed either by means of this same particle or by dupli- 
cation of the cardinal. In Chitimacha and Atakapa I find no instances 
of duplication innumerals. The English numeral adverb series, two- 
fold, threefold, etc., finds its counterpart only in Atakapa, at least 
if we may rely upon the present material. 
All three languages agree closely in their use of adverbs, and in all 
the most characteristic adverbs are locatives which verge on adjec- 
tives and postpositions. Chitimacha is the only one of these lan- 
guages from which a quotative has been recorded. 
Subordination of one clause to another is brought about in Tunica 
and Chitimacha by means of certain of the verbal suffixes already 
mentioned, by some of the locative suffixes, and by the use of inde- 
pendent particles. The concepts expressed in English by ‘‘when’’ and 
‘‘while” are indicated in both by means of a particle placed after the 
subordinate clause. In the Atakapa material available subordina- 
tion is usually brought about by a single suffix —n or -in. In all 
three languages there are only two or three principal coordinate con- 
junctions used to connect clauses, but while Tunica employs one of 
them to unite substantives, Chitimacha and Atakapa make use of 
entirely distinct connectives for that purpose. Tunica and Chiti- 
macha make a considerable use of introductory connectives adverbial 
in character, compounded from demonstratives. In the material 
recorded there are more interjections and exclamatory particles in 
Tunica than in the other two languages, but this is probably accidental. 
SYNTAX 
In the verb complexes of all of these languages suffixes are more 
numerous than prefixes. In all of them, however, excepting the 
pronominal and locative affixes, few affixes occur in series. On the 
contrary, there is a considerable number of single affixes which may 
occur with any number of the others. The accompanying table gives 
an idea of the order of elements in the verb complex so that they may 
be mutually compared. Of course no single verb contains so many 
affixes, and their relative positions have to be pieced together from the 
examples available. Some of them, too, suffer displacement at times. 
For instance, in Tunica the continuative and future suffixes may be 
placed after instead of before the subjective pronominal suffixes, and in 
the same language most of the subjectives come before the auxiliaries 
and not after them, as is usual with principal stems. The placement 
of some of these depends upon so few examples that it is not beyond 
‘question, but the story told is, as a whole, sufficiently accurate. 
100306°—19——2 
