20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 68 
far as can be discovered, not a trace of the plural and volitional ! 
which are so characteristic of Chitimacha and Tunica, and neither 
Tunica nor Atakapa has as many series of auxiliaries as Chitimacha. 
In the other parts of speech there are, as we have seen, few affixes. 
The possessive adjectives and demonstrative adjectives go before 
the noun except in Tunica, where only one demonstrative appears in 
that position. The plural suffix in Chitimacha and the plural signs 
in the other two tongues are suffixed, and so are the locative affixes, 
and the affixes in Tunica which indicate sex gender. _ 
In all three languages the constituents of compound nouns pre- 
serve the same order as in English, but adjectives follow the nouns 
upon which they depend, except occasionally in Atakapa. Locative 
adverbs or postpositions are, as the latter name implies, placed after 
the noun. Possessive pronouns are employed in making one noun 
dependent on another. In Atakapa, however, the possessive pronoun 
was oftener understood than expressed. Adverbs were placed after 
the adjectives upon which they depended but before the verbs. As 
might have been expected, Chitimacha nouns and demonstratives 
may take the place of the independent pronouns when the latter are 
used as objects, but it is interesting to note that an identical use of 
nouns, demonstratives, and pronouns occurs in Tunica and Atakapa, - 
the regular pronominal prefixes being then omitted. No clear dis- 
tinction is made in Tunica and Chitimacha between the object and 
indirect object in these situations. Other nouns are brought into 
subordination to the verb by means of the locative suffixes. These 
languages also agree in placing the verb normally at the end of the 
sentence or clause, and in the further fact that all may place a noun 
with a locative suffix or postposition after it. This happens less 
often in Tunica than in Chitimacha and Atakapa. The subordina- 
tion of one clause to another has already been touched upon. In 
Tunica and Chitimacha verbal suffixes and independent particles are 
used to effect this, but in Atakapa only verbal suffixes, and particu- 
larly a suffix —n or-in. On the other hand, Tunica depends less upon 
suffixes and more upon separate particles. Coordinate clauses are 
joined in practically the same manner in all. 
COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 
We now turn to a direct investigation of the phonetic similarities 
between the stems of the three languages, beginning with the affixes 
and other dependent elements upon which their grammar depends. 
Following is a comparative table of the personal pronouns and 
personal pronominal affixes. 
1 There may, however, be a trace of the volitional in Tunica. See p. 30. 
