SWANTON ] 
COMPARISON OF THE PRONOMINAL SYSTEMS 
TUNICA, CHITIMACHA, AND ATAKAPA LANGUAGES 
9) aK 
SINGULAR 
Tunica Chitimacha Atakapa 
Inde- 
Person and gender} 1,4 oe pendent Inde- Sub 
pend awh Objective |Subjective| forms | Subjective | pend- | Objective | ; be Bs 
forms | Prefixes | suffixes |(usedas| suffixes ent prefixes pg la & 
objective forms 2 
prefixes) 
First person........ ima ik-, i-..... =ni, —n ics AA -ki, -k wi Hiatt eee -6. 
Second _ per- mas. | ma..... wik-, wi- .} -wi, -i.... soe te pu Pepe a MN Sie as alec cae seis cial teoeeae 
ay prgaeaae si Yeseer aay ils aes oo him Veneto rae MQ. = ral Mas Mee oles hee 
fem. | hima. .} hik-, hi-..} -hi, -a....)......--- SGA Soe BREEORES| RACER nee rre lamer ae ae 5 
mas. | Oi, Gwi.| Ok-, G- Slee Shela as ccna = Keema eae che es leaececwa tons lace see ette 
See setae L Lee es occu Sil sce Sade 3 hus aibiese hae poe |) aes aeeses tae eect 
Third person (same 
as pl.) 
fem. | tixte tik-, ti- =the =thiece|odase sce Cn eRe re Poee se sorallltees Sacer ani Psens eee 
inmdaunite (sinpular|-22t6.0.<|52he0...0- 52 =tites cee cilieben ae SEE eee eee) | eee i= (Bt sesles lective 
or plural). 
i 
DUAL 
First person....... inima. .| in-, j-..... Se ance Ser Sot see Bosco SASnAdo Ree SeSea mop eEeCS sac Hades ace 
Second per-|mas. | winima| win-, wj- .| -wina....|.....----|------------|-------+|--- 22222 e ee [ee ee eee ee 
son. fem. | hinima.} hin-, hj-.. NAR Flac eres cal coco cca cle ssercral ae meanetes “ela ees create 
Third person seal esol - ae Best ere Saale Mar Pike Sul cd eae cea ew | Cok NE ay eR os | OPED E 
ferageiStnimMa .ISiM—)Si—-.4||—SIMAy —SINo eck cl soem melanin ae aee see amieree 
PLURAL 
First person........| inima..} in-j-.....| -iti....... Canoes —naka,-nuk]| yakit .} ice-..-...... -tse(1) 
SAGE SWEAT Wilt Wiete! Willson) siaaece sens |-ceceeHcaes a |e etna can aca n aca aa = ciel =f 
Second _ per- a lg é 
SEES BEBE be Sonne rs Bona be see was -—nana.....} nakit .| nak—-......| -tem 
son. ; d ae 
on fem. | hinima.| hin-, hi- ..) —hiti.....|........-|------------|--------|---+--------|--------- 
mas. | sima...| sik—,si-...} -ta.......|..-------|-------+----|----22--[ee-- 2202-22 -|- eee eee 
Piste! qoyevgsvab ay" NTS AS SPS e | SSpemosecno’| Heecaeeenee hus -—na (pas- | hakit .| eak-(some-) -Ul, -ti 
fem. | sinima .| sin-, sj-..-| -siti..-... (same sive) -i. times (with 
as sing.) used in | intran- 
singular | sitives) 
in an in- 
definite 
sense) 
The first point to be noticed in this table is the close relationship 
which the independent pronouns bear to the objective prefixes. In 
Chitimacha there is no distinction between them. In Tunica all but 
three of the independent forms consist of the corresponding objective 
prefix plus a syllable —ma, which there is reason to believe is identical 
with the coordinate conjunction ma or m@, meaning “‘and,” a con- 
junction often placed just before a quotation, where it has the sense 
of ‘“‘as follows.” The exceptions are the second person singular 
masculine in which the combination formerly occurred, it is evident, 
but the objective prefix has become lost, leaving ma to represent 
