SWANTON | TUNICA, CHITIMACHA, AND ATAKAPA LANGUAGES 29 
is connected with the verb stem nei or ndéz, motion downward, and 
finds its cognates in Atakapa ni, to lie down; né, low; and Tunica 
na, to lie down. 
The Tunica locative prefixes are all derived from or closely con- 
nected with locative adverbs or postpositions. Ha-, up, may be 
compared with Chitimacha p‘e or p‘dz, up, and hd-, motion outward, 
with Atakapa pic, outside, and Chitimacha nuk‘, out, outside. Ki- 
from kiteu, both meaning in, into, is found in Atakapa kimati, inside, 
and perhaps in Chitimacha sekis, inside, Li-, motion downward, is 
contracted from hali, under, at the base of, with which we may 
compare Atakapa hal, back of, behind, last, and hai, under, and 
Chitimacha his, under. The few locative prefixes in Atakapa need 
not be considered, since one of them is identical with a nominal 
suffix and will be considered along with other suffixes of the same 
class, and the rest with certain adverbs or postpositions to be treated 
in connection with other independent stems. 
A plural suffix —m is found in both Chitimacha and Atakapa. The 
Chitimacha usitative suffix —w or —wi is paralleled by an Atakapa 
suffix —w, which generally has the force of a plural but is occasionally 
a usitative. In Tunica this is wanting, but the former presence of 
a suffix similar in form and in the same relative position in the verb 
is indicated by the constant appearance of final —w in disyllabic stems 
and the following specific examples: laki, it is night; la—u, at night; 
Ta-aie mili yarakati, Red River is falling; Ta-iaie mili yarati, Red 
River is low; drdtkata, I am nailing something; yuxki ta rotini, a 
nail; méra, me’ra, cylindrical, a roller; yunka merku, a spool of 
thread; tarku merkuniku, a wooden barrel; sapi, a wave; sapiku, 
there are waves; hintd wdran, let us go walking to hunt; ai arkalai 
ta hinu, “the walking thing that produces fire,’ a locomotive; 
hinazk ikyakati, I think like that; hinazku, it is like that; hinarkoho, 
it is not like that. Possibly this suffix has some connection with the 
initial vowel of uki, to sit, to remain. 
We find a somewhat similar state of affairs when we consider the 
Chitimacha causative suffix —pi, which is very prominent in that lan- 
guage. It may be compared with a terminal suffix —p in Atakapa, the 
function of which is now mainly syntactic, but which has an analogous 
significance, ‘‘because,’’ ‘fon account of.” While it is not clearly 
developed in Tunica, traces of it are abundant, showing that it is only 
just in process of disappearing from the language as a distinct suffix, 
In the first place, a quantitative comparison of the last consonant in 
disyllabic stems shows not merely that it occurs in more than one- 
seventh of all verb stems, but that it appears nearly five times as 
often in such stem’ as in the corresponding nominal stems. But we 
have more specific evidence. Thus the stem razki signifies to be closed, 
something tight; rarpa, to enclose, to catch by enclosing; raxpu, a 
