Swanton] TUNICA, CHITIMACHA, AND ATAKAPA LANGUAGES 33 
taxk, and in the k found with the following Atakapa pronouns and 
pronominal prefixes, yikit, we; nakit, nak—-, you; hakit, they. Of the 
principal locative suffixes -c seems to occur in both of these lan- 
guages, though its functions in the two are not identical. In Tunica 
this has the force of ‘‘to”’ with motion; in Chitimacha its employ- 
ment is more varied and it may be said to come nearer the English 
preposition ‘“‘of,’’ pertaining to something or to some place, and so 
verging also on a possessive. It is possible that this is connected 
with the infinitive suffix, which, as stated above, is used with pro- 
nouns as well as verbs, and, if so, it can be traced throughout all of 
the languages under discussion. An equivalent of the Tunica locative 
-ta, ‘‘at,’’ seems to occur in a vestigial form with Chitimacha demon- 
stratives, as hat, here, at this place; wet, there, at that place. There 
is less trace of it in Atakapa. Tunica —tik, toward, is parallel in 
meaning but not in form with Chitimacha -up. The ¢ in -tik (or —-ta) 
is possibly the same as the final consonant of the Atakapa post- 
position dt, toward, especially if Gatschet is right in identifying the 
vowel in -of with the stem of the verb to come, 6. We may also 
refer to tiwé, with, together with. On the other hand, Chitimacha 
-up probably finds its cognate in Atakapa —p, “at.” The com- 
monest Chitimacha locative, however, is —nki, or —ki, the latter form 
being used after consonants, and this covers the functions of both 
to and at. It is to be compared with the Atakapa —kin and —ki, 
which signify in or into. Some connection also exists in all proba- 
bility between Chitimacha —kin, with, and -ik, the Atakapa suffix 
having the same meaning. Tunica tg, with, is probably not con- 
nected with these. This occurs after clauses as well as nouns and in 
such situations has the sense of ‘‘while,’’ which aligns it with the 
Chitimacha subordinate conjunction té or td, when, after, while- 
Chitimacha tciin, for, on account of, is approached in function by a 
little-used Atakapa postposition, co. It is entirely wanting in 
Tunica. Nearly all of the Tunica indefinites and interrogatives are 
based upon a stem ka, demonstrative in character. With this may 
be compared Atakapa kai, then, at that time or place, and eastern 
Atakapa kut or kat, this. In Chitimacha there is a single case of the 
use of a final ka in the sense of where? Chitimacha am, what, some- 
thing, thing, may be compared with Tunica ma, which occurs in 
mahoni, nothing. Atakapa cdk, which corresponds to it in function, 
can not be identified in either of the other tongues. 
The demonstrative signifying an object close to the speaker and 
roughly agreeing with English “‘this” is almost the same in every 
one of these types of speech: Tunica hd or he, Chitimacha ha, 
Atakapa ha ora. The next degree of distance is indicated by words 
agreeing much less in form: Tunica hi, Chitimacha wé, Atakapa 
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