Swanton] TUNICA, CHITIMACHA, AND ATAKAPA LANGUAGES 13 
Phonetic changes in obedience to harmonic laws appear to be 
entirely wanting in Chitimacha and Atakapa, and they are inconspic- 
uous in Tunica, the only case of the kind which the writer has dis- 
covered so far being a shift from a to 6 or & when the preceding vowel 
is 6 or @; as: sama, ripe; samaha, not ripe; lapu, good; lapuhi, 
not good. 
THE GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES 
Simple duplication of the verb stem, oftenest the stems of those 
verbs which may be used as adjectives, occurs in all three languages. 
Usually the entire syllable is repeated, but in Tunica, where the 
stems are often disyllabic, the repetition is sometimes confined to the 
first. Examples: (Tunica) kéra, to drink; kékora, to drink repeatedly 
or habitually; koma, roof-shaped; komikdmi, roof-shaped objects; 
satku, one; saxksarku, one here and one there; (Chitimacha) suk, to 
shake; suksuk, to shake habitually; pak‘, flat; pak‘pak‘, flat objects; 
(Atakapa) ak, green; akak, very green, or green things; its, to wake, wi 
cakitsitso, I wake someone repeatedly; kits, red; kitskits, red things. 
In all three languages there are a few verbs with distinct stems ix 
singular and plural, but in Tunica most of these are auxiliaries, 
while in the other languages the greater number are principal stems. 
Examples: (Tunica) a, ci, to go; a, 6n, to be; ta, in, to cause; 
(Chitimacha) teu, tut‘, to go; ket‘, tem, to fight; (Atakapa) 2t6l, awil, 
to arrange, to put in order; kat, pix, to die. 
All three languages make use of both independent personal pro- 
nouns and pronominal affixes, but there are differences in each case. 
In Atakapa and Tunica there are distinct sets of pronominal sub- 
jective and objective affixes, and in Atakapa distinct independent 
pronouns in the first person singular and first person plural, though 
the independent forms for the second and third persons of both 
numbers are closely related to the objective forms. In Tunica there 
are also distinct independent forms, but they are all clearly derived 
from the objective forms. In Chitimacha there are no objective 
affixes properly considered, but the independent pronouns take their 
place and perform their function. As between Chitimacha and 
Tunica this difference is largely negatived by the fact that the latter 
language may take an independent pronoun as object and at the 
same time omit the regular objective affix. In Tunica the objective 
affixes are used as possessives; in Chitimacha and Atakapa the 
independent pronouns perform the same function. Any distinction 
between the three languages which might appear from this is ren- 
dered of small value by the very evident relation between the objec- 
tive affixes and independent pronouns. 
In each language the concept “‘self’’ in myself, yourself, etc., is 
represented by a separate word after the appropriate independent 
pronoun; but Chitimacha and Atakapa also employ reflexive affixes, 
in the former language almost to the exclusion of the independent 
