9 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 77 
The Siouan tribes were among the most numerous and powerful 
on the continent, and those to be mentioned on the following pages 
belonged to several clearly defined groups. As classified in the 
Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,’ these include: 
I. Dakota-Assiniboin group: 1, Mdewakanton; 2, Wahpekute 
(forming, with the Mdewakanton, the Santee) ; 3, Sisseton; 4, Wah- 
 peton; 5, Yankton; 6, Yanktonai; 7, Teton—(a) Sichangu or Brulés, 
(b) Itazipcho or Sans Arcs, (c) Sihasapa or Blackfeet, (d) Mini- 
conjou, (e) Oohenonpa or Two Kettles, (f) Oglala, (g) Hunkpapa; 
8, Assiniboin. 
II. Dhegiha group: 1, Omaha; 2, Ponca; 3, Quapaw; 4, Osage— 
(a) Pahatsi, (b) Utsehta, (c) Santsukhdhi; 5, Kansa. 
III. Chiwere group: 1, Iowa; 2, Oto; 3, Missouri. 
IV. Winnebago. 
V. Mandan. 
VI. Hidatsa group: 1, Hidatsa; 2, Crows. 
The Caddoan family is less clearly defined than either of the pre- 
ceding, but evidently consisted of many small tribes grouped, and 
forming confederacies. Those to be mentioned later include: (1) 
The Arikara; (2) the Pawnee confederacy, composed of four tribes— 
(a) Chaui or Grand Pawnee, (b) Kitkehahki or Republican Pawnee, 
(c) Pitahauerat or Tapage Pawnee, (d) Skidi or Wolf Pawnee; (3) 
the Wichita confederacy, including the Waco and various small 
tribes; (4) the Caddo proper. 
Although the latter are included in the same linguistic group 
with the Arikara, Pawnee, and others as mentioned above, they are 
regarded by some as constituting a distinct linguistic stock. 
During the years following the close of the Revolution, the latter 
part of the eighteenth century, many tribes, or rather the remnants 
of tribes, then living east of the Mississippi, sought a refuge in the 
West beyond the river. Many settled on the streams in the southern 
part of the present State of Missouri and northern Arkansas, and, as 
stated by Stoddard when writing about the year 1810: “A consider- 
able number of Delawares, Shawanese, and Cherokees, have built 
some villages on the waters of the St. Francis and White Rivers. 
Their removal into these quarters was authorized by the Spanish 
government, and they have generally conducted themselves to the 
satisfaction of the whites. Some stragglers from the Creeks, Chock- 
taws, and Chickasaws, who are considered as outlaws by their respec- 
tive nations, have also established themselves on the same waters; 
and their disorders and depredations among the white settlers are 
not unfrequent.” (Stoddard, (1), pp. 210-211.) And at about the 
same time another writer, referring to the same region, said: “ Below 
1¢ Bull. 30, Bur. Amer. Ethn., part 2, p. 579. 
