14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 77 
were very industrious in making these... At night, also, when it 
was too dark to hunt, Wa-me-gon-a-biew and myself assisted at this 
labour. In a few days our lodge was completed.” (Op. cit., p. 85.) 
And again when near Rainy Lake, “I had no pukkwi, or mats, for 
a lodge and therefore had to build one of poles and long grass.” 
(p. 214.) It is quite evident the shelters of poles and grass, as men- 
tioned by Tanner, were similar to those erected by the Assiniboin as 
described on another page, and as indicated in the painting by Paul 
Kane, which is reproduced as plate 25, a. 
Two very interesting old photographs, made more than half a 
century ago, are shown in plate 9. One, a, represents clearly the 
elm-bark covering of the wigwams, and in this picture the arbor 
suggests a Siouan rather than an Ojibway encampment; 0 is more 
characteristic of the Ojioway. 
The structures encountered in the Ojibway country farther south 
differed from those already mentioned, the majority of which were - 
covered with sheets of birch bark, a form which must necessarily have 
been restricted to the northern country. But the type was widely 
scattered northward, and undoubtedly extended eastward to the 
Atlantic, especially down the valley of the St. Lawrence into north- 
ern Maine and the neighboring Provinces. South of this zone were 
the dome-shaped mat or bark covered wigwams, varying in different 
localities according to the available supply of barks, or of rushes to 
be made into mats, which served to cover the rigid, oval-topped 
frame. Most interesting examples were standing in the Ojibway 
settlements on the shore of Mille Lac, Minnesota, during the spring 
of 1900. One, which may be accepted as a type specimen, was of a 
quadrilateral rather than oval outline of base, and measured about 
14 feet each way, with a maximum height of 6 feet or more. The 
saplings which formed the frame were seldom more than 2 inches in 
diameter, one end being set firmly in the ground, the top being bent 
over and attached to similar pieces coming from the opposite side. 
Other small saplings or branches were tied firmly to these in a hori- 
zontal position about 2 feet apart, thus forming a rigid frame, over 
which was spread the covering of mats and sheets of bark, the latter 
serving as the roof. In this particular example the covering was 
held in place by cords which passed over the top and were attached 
to poles which hung horizontally about a foot above the ground. A 
second row of mats was fastened to the inside of the frame and 
others were spread on the ground near the walls. A small fire 
burned within near the center of the open space, although the cook- 
ing was often done outside, just beyond the single entrance. 
Although the Ojibway were numerous, they had few large vil- 
lages or settlements. They lived for the most part in small, seat- 
