BUSHNELL ] VILLAGES WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI 17 
that it was thought useless to run any risk for the short distance we 
would be able to make against it. In the evening our Indians con- 
structed a jonglerie, or medicine lodge, the main object of which 
was to procure a fair wind for next day. For this purpose they 
first drive ten or twelve poles, nine or ten feet long, into the ground, 
- enclosing a circular area of about three feet in diameter, with a boat 
sail open at the top. The medicine-man, one of which is generally 
found in every brigade, gets inside and commences shaking the poles 
violently, rattling his medicinal rattle, and singing hoarse incanta- 
tions to the Great Spirit for a fair wind. Being unable to sleep on 
account of the discordant noises, I wrapped a blanket round me, and 
went out into the woods, where they were holding their midnight 
orgies, and lay down amongst those on the outside of the medicine 
lodge, to witness the proceedings. I had no sooner done so than the 
incantations at once ceased, and the performer exclaimed that a white 
man was present. How he ascertained this fact I am at a loss to 
surmise ... The Major, [M’Kenzie] .. . with many other intelli- 
gent persons, is a firm believer in their medicine.” (Kane, (1). pp. 
439-441.) : 
In addition to the several forms of structures erected by the Ojib- 
way, as already described, they reared the elm-bark lodge which re- 
sembled in form the log cabin of the early settlers. Three of these 
were standing on the south shore of Mille Lac, Minnesota, during the 
spring of 1900, and the outside of one, showing the manner in which 
the bark covering was placed, is indicated in plate 11, 6. This was 
similar in shape to the Sauk and Fox habitation reproduced in plate 
19, although the Ojibway structure was more skillfully constructed. 
Habitations of a lixe nature were found among the Sioux villages 
on the banks of the Mississippi in the vicinity of Fort Snelling, and 
others were erected within a generation by the Menomini in northern 
Wisconsin, but whether this may be considered a primitive form 
of structure has not been determined. 
A trader’s store standing near the Ojibway village on the shore 
of Cass Lake, Minnesota, during the late autumn of 1899 is shown 
in plate 11, a. Similar cabins were occupied by some of the Indian 
families, these having taken the place of the native wigwams. 
Various objects of primitive forms, made and used by the Ojibway 
within a generation, are shown in plates 12 and 13. 
CREE, 
The Cree (the Knisteneaux of Mackenzie) were closely related to 
the Ojibway; they spoke the same language, and had many customs 
in common. As Hayden wrote: “The Cree nation was originally a 
portion of the Chippewa, as the similarity of language proves; and 
