94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 7 
been accompanied by an embankment, in turn surmounted by pali- 
sades. The river served to protect the settlement.on the north, the 
encircling embankment and ditch reaching the bank of the stream 
both above and below the occupied area. 
Unfortunately no sketch or picture of any sort of a Cheyenne 
earth lodge is known to exist, but the villages just mentioned must 
necessarily have resembled in appearance those of the Pawnee of a 
later generation, remarkable photographs of which have been pre- 
served and which are shown in the present work. And as Dr. Grin- 
nell has said in a recent communication (February 2, 1920) when 
referring to the places long ago occupied by the camps of the 
Cheyenne: “I have walked about on the sites of these old villages, 
and the grandmother of a woman of my acquaintance, and probably 
the father of that woman, lived in earth-lodge houses, presumably 
very similar to those occupied in my time by the Pawnees and the 
Mandans. I have never seen one, however, and do not know anyone 
who has seen one. Many years ago, I might have procured from old 
Elk River a description of such houses, though he was even then very 
old and growing feeble. It is too late to lament that now.” 
The conical skin lodge of the Cheyenne resembled that of other 
plains tribes, and they must in earler times, when buffalo were so 
numerous and easily secured, have been rather large and commodious 
structures. When Lewis and Clark descended the Missouri, on their 
return from the far west, they reached on August 21, 1806, an en- 
campment of the Cheyenne on the bank of the Missouri, opposite the 
upper village of the Arikara, not far below the old Cheyenne village 
mentioned in the journal of the expedition on October 15, 1804. To 
quote from the entry made August 21, 1806: “.. . arrived oppo- 
site to the upper Ricara villages. We saluted them with the dis- 
charge of four guns, which they answered in the same manner; and 
on our landing we were met by the greater part of the inhabitants 
of each village, and also by a band of Chayennes, who were encamped 
on a hill in the neighbourhood .. .” After conversing with all 
concerning the Mandans, “ The sun being now very hot, the chief of 
the Chayennes invited us to his lodge, which was at no great distance 
from the river. We followed him, and found a very large lodge, 
made of twenty buffaloe skins, surrounded by eighteen or twenty 
lodges, nearly equal in size. The rest of the nation are expected to- 
morrow, and will make the number of one hundred and thirty or 
fifty lodges, containing from three hundred and fifty to four hun- 
dred men, at which the men of the nation may be computed. These 
Chayennes are a fine looking people, of a large stature, straight 
limbs, high cheek-bones and noses, and of a complexion similar to 
that of the Ricaras,” (Lewis and Clark, (1), Il, pp. 413-414.) 
