BUSHNELL] VILLAGES WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI 51 
(Op. cit., pp. 187-138.) A cemetery, with its scaffold burials, stood 
on the bluffs in the rear of the village. There is reason to believe 
these were the first skin-covered tipis encountered by Seymour while 
ascending the Mississippi. 
It will be noticed that in the preceding description of Kaposia no 
mention is made of log structures, such as were alluded to by Long 
and Schoolcraft. Only the typical bark house and the conical skin- 
covered tipi were seen by Seymour. Fortunately a most valuable 
and interesting picture of the village, as it appeared on June 19, 
1851, is preserved and is now reproduced in plate 21. Both forms of 
habitations are shown, and in the distance, on the left, are indicated 
the scaffold burials standing on the bluffs in the rear of the settle- 
ment. On the extreme right is the prow of a canoe, evidently on the 
immediate bank of the Mississippi. Having this remarkable sketch, 
it is gratifying to find a brief description of the two forms of lodges, 
and also to know that the notes may have referred to Kaposia in 
particular. It tells that “the lodges are from eight to fifteen feet 
in diameter, about ten to fifteen feet high and made of buffalo-skins 
tanned. Elk skins are used for this purpose also. The summer house 
is built of wood, or perches set upright, twenty or thirty feet long, 
by fifteen or twenty wide. The perches are set in the ground about 
one foot, and are about six feet out of the ground. Over this is put 
a roof of elm bark. They are very comfortable for summer use. 
The lodge of skin lasts three or four years; the lodge of wood seven 
or eight years.” (Prescott, (1), p. 67.) 
The bark houses, which resembled “the log cabins of the whites,” 
were shown by Capt. Eastman in one of his paintings. It was used 
as an illustration by Schoolcraft, and is here reproduced as plate 
22, a. It is less interesting than the sketch of Kaposia, but in many 
respects the two are quite similar. 
Several bark houses of the form just mentioned stood on the shore 
of Mille Lac, forming part of the Ojibway village visited in 1900, 
and similar to these were the “winter habitations,” occasionally 
erected by the Menominee, as mentioned and figured by Hoffman as 
plate xviii in his work on that tribe. (Hoffman, (1), p. 255.) It is 
rather curious that these should be described as “winter habitations ” 
among that Algonquian tribe, and as being occupied during the sum- 
mer by the Siouan people. Asa matter of fact this strong distinction 
may not have existed. The use of this type of house by the Foxes 
has already been mentioned. Whether these may be regarded as rep- 
resenting a purely aboriginal form of structure is not easily deter- 
mined, but they will at once recall the unit of the long communal 
dwellings of the Iroquois. The slanting roof, the flat front and back, 
and the upright walls, all covered with large sheets of bark, were the 
same. 
