70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL., 77 
occupied by some of the Indians with whom the commissioners 
treated. 
The Black Hills lay north and west of the region then occupied 
by the Oglala, and although it is known that the broken country 
was often visited and frequented by parties of Indians in quest of 
poles for their tipis, yet it seems doubtful if any permanent settle- 
ments ever stood within the region. Dodge, in discussing this ques- 
tion, said: . 
“My opinion is, that the Black Hills have never been a permanent 
home for any Indians. Even now small parties go a little way into 
the Hills to cut spruce lodge-poles, but all the signs. indicate that 
these are mere sojourns of the most temporary character. 
“The ‘ teepe,’ or lodge, may be regarded as the Indian’s house, the 
wickup as his tent. One is his permanent residence, the other the 
make-shift shelter for a night. Except in one single spot, near the 
head of Castle Creek, I saw nowhere any evidence whatever of a 
lodge having been set up, while old wickups were not unfrequent in 
the edge of the Hills. There is not one single teepe or lodge-pole 
trail, from side to side of the Hills, in any direction, and these poles, 
when dragged in the usual way by ponies, soon make a trail as dif_i- 
cult to obliterate as a wagon road, visible for many years, even 
though not used.” (Dodge, (1), pp. 186-1387.) . 
Col. R. I. Dodge, from whose work the preceding quotation has 
been made, was in command of the military escort which formed 
part of the expedition into the Black Hills during the summer of 
1875. The traces of the lodges which had stood near the head of 
Castle Creek, as mentioned in 1875, undoubtedly marked the posi- 
tion of the small encampment encountered by the Ludlow party the 
previous year. In the journal of that expedition, dated July 26, 1874, 
is to be found this brief mention: “In the afternoon occurred the 
first rencontre with Indians. A village of seven lodges, containing 
twenty-seven souls, was found in the valley. The men were away 
peacefully engaged in hunting; the squaws in camp drying meat, 
cooking, and other camp avocations. Red Cloud’s daughter was the 
wife of the head-man, whose name was One Stab. General Custer 
was desirous they should remain and introduce us to the hills, but the 
presence among our scouts of a party of Rees, with whom the Sioux 
wage constant war, rendered them very uneasy, and toward night- 
fall, abandoning their camp, they made the escape. Old One Stab 
was at headquarters when the flight was discovered, and retained both 
as guide and hostage. .. . The high limestone ridges surrounding 
the camp had weathered into castellated forms of considerable gran- 
deur and beauty and suggested the name of Castle Valley.” (Lud- 
low, (1), p. 18.) Red Cloud, whose daughter is mentioned above, 
