BUSHNELL] VILLAGES WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI FN ee 
was one of the greatest chiefs and warriors of the Oglala; born in 
1822 near the forks of the Platte, and lived until December, 1909. 
Although there may never have been any large permanent camps 
within the Black Hills district, nevertheless it is quite evident the 
region was frequented and traversed by bands of Indians, who left 
well-defined trails. Such were discovered by an expedition in 1875, 
and after referring to small trees which had been bent down by the 
weight of snow the narrative continued: “The snow must be some- 
times deep enough to hide trails and landmarks, as the main Indian 
trails leading through the Hills were marked by stones placed in 
the forks of the trees or by one or more sets of blazes, the oldest 
almost overgrown by the bark.” (Newton and Jenney, (1), p. 302.) 
And in the same work (p. 323), when treating of the timber of the 
Hills, it was said: “ The small slender spruce-trees are much sought 
after by the Indians, who visit the Hills in the spring for the PUES 
pose of procuring thew for lodge-poles.” 
In another work Dodge described the customs of the tribes with 
whom he had been in close contact for many years. The book is 
illustrated with engravings made from original drawings by the 
French artist Griset, and one sketch shows a few Indians, several 
tipis, and frames from which are hanging quantities of buffalo meat 
in the process of being dried. (Dodge, (2), p. 353.) This suggests 
the scene at Red Cloud’s camp. The original drawing is now repro- 
duced as plate 1, the frontispiece. 
ASSINIBOIN. 
The Assiniboin were, until comparatively recent times, a part of 
the Yanktonai, from whom they may have separated while living in 
the forest region of the northern section of the present State of 
Minnesota. Leaving the parent stock, they joined the Cree, then 
living to the northward, with whom they remained in close aviiunes 
Eeaualiy they moved to the valleys of the Saskatchewan and Assini- 
boin Rivers and here were encountered by Alexander Henry in 1775. 
Interesting though brief notes on the structures of the Assiniboin 
as they appeared in 1775 and 1776 are contained in the narrative of 
Henry’s travels through the great northern country. In 1775, when 
west of Lake Winnipeg, Henry wrote: “At eighty leagues above 
Fort de Bourbon, at the head of a stream which falls into the Sas- 
catchiwaine, and into which we had turned, we found the Pasquayah 
village. It consisted of thirty families, lodged in tents of a circular 
form, and composed of dressed ox-skins, stretched upon poles twelve 
feet in length, and leaning against a stake driven into the ground in 
the centre. On our arrival, the chief, named Chatique, or the Peli- 
can, came down upon the beach, attended by thirty followers, all 
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