129 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ BULL, 77 
WINNEBAGO, 
When first known to Europeans the Winnebago occupied the re- 
gion west of Green Bay, west of Lake Michigan, where, according to 
the Jesuit. missionaries, they had resided for many generations. 
There they were living in the year 1634 when visited by Nicollet, 
and just 35 years later, during the winter of 1669-70, a mission on 
the shore of the same bay was conducted by Pere Allouez, which 
proved a gathering place for various tribes, including the Winne- 
bago, Sauk and Foxes, Menominee, and Potawatomi. These, with 
the exception of the Winnebago, were Algonquian tribes. 
As already mentioned, the Oto, lowa, and Missouri appear to have 
been closely connected with the Winnebago, all speaking dialects 
understood by one another. And it is also evident that when the 
Oto, Iowa, and Missouri began their movement westward to the 
Mississippi and beyond the Winnebago remained behind. However, 
about the beginning of the last century they reached the banks of 
the Mississippi, and by successive moves during the next 50 years 
some arrived in western Minnesota, soon to be removed to lands be- 
yond the Missouri, adjoining the Omaha, in the northeastern part of 
Nebraska. 
While living in the vicinity of Green Bay their villages were 
groups of mat and bark covered lodges, typical of the tribes of the 
wooded country which abounded in lakes and streams. And it is 
quite evident that during their migration westward, when they made 
long stops before finally reaching the banks of the Missouri, they 
continued to erect and occupy structures similar to those which had 
stood in their old villages generations before. 
Typical examples of Winnebago dwellings are shown in plates 36 
and 37. The arbor over the entrance is an interesting feature, sel- 
dom appearing in the Algonquian villages, although often shown in 
front of Siouan lodges. 
In a forthcoming publication Radin has given a list of the various 
forms of structures erected by the Winnebago, some of which existed 
until very recent years. (Radin, (1).) 
MANDAN. 
As mentioned in the sketch of the Assiniboin, a small party of 
French accompanied by members of that tribe during the autumn of 
1738 went southward from the Assiniboin country to the Mandan 
towns, where the French remained several weeks. The leader of the 
expedition, La Verendrye, prepared an account of the journey, this 
being the earliest record of a visit by Europeans to the Mandans 
known to exist, although it is easily conceived that French trappers 
may have been among the tribe earlier in the century. 
