BUSHNELL] VILLAGES WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI 155 
cedar bush: on one side of the lodge a buffaloe’s head; on the other 
several pieces of wood stuck in the ground. From its whole appear- 
ance, it was more like a lodge for holding councils, than an ordinary 
dwelling house.” (Lewis and Clark, (1), II, p. 386.) This was un- 
doubtedly a ceremonial lodge, and it was probably quite similar to 
another observed a few years later. To quote the description of the 
second example: “In the country of the Crow Indians, (Up-sa- 
ro-ka,) Mr. Dougherty saw a singular arrangement of the magi. 
The upper portion of a cotton-wood tree was implanted, with its 
base in the earth, and around it was a sweat house, the upper part 
of the top of the tree arising through the roof. A gray bison skin, 
extended with oziers on the inside so as to exhibit a natural appear- 
ance, was suspended above the house, and on the branches were at- 
tached several pairs of children’s mockasins and leggings, and from 
one of the limbs of the tree, a very large fan made of war eagle’s 
feathers was dependent.” (James, (1), I, p. 272.) 
CappoAan TRIBES. 
The ancient habitat of the many small tribes which evidently later 
became confederated, thus forming the principal groups of this lin- 
guistic stock, was in the southwest, whence the Pawnee and Arikara, 
and those gathered under the name of the Wichita, moved north- 
ward. 
The Caddo proper, the name of a tribe later applied to the con- 
federated group of which they formed the principal member, for- 
merly occupied the valley of the Red River of Louisiana, the many 
villages of the several tribes being scattered along the banks of that 
' stream and of its tributaries in northern Louisiana, southwestern 
Arkansas, and eastern Texas. Although usually included in the 
same linguistic group with the Pawnee, Arikara, Wichita, and others, 
several notable authorities are inclined to regard the Caddo as con- 
stituting a separate and distinct linguistic group. This may be 
established and recognized in the future. 
PAWNEE. 
Soon after the transfer of Louisana to the United States Govern- 
ment several expeditions were sent out to explore the newly ac- 
quired domains and to discover the native tribes who claimed and 
occupied parts of the vast territory. Of these parties, that led by 
Capts. Lewis and Clark was the most important, but of great inter- 
est was the second expedition under command of Lieut. Z. M. Pike, 
which traversed the country extending from the Mississippi to the 
Rocky Mountains, and reached the Pawnee villages near the North 
Platte during the month of September, 1806. How long the Pawnee 
