162 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 77 
up, composed of small willow rods interwoven with slips of bark. 
In front of these apartments, either a partition of willow rods is 
erected, or rush mats are hung up as curtains. But this is not always 
the case. In some lodges the simple platform alone is to be seen, 
without either partitions, or curtains. In others there is not-€ even 
the platform, and the inmates sleep on the ground. 
“In these lodges several families frequently live together. I be- 
lieve there are as many as three different families in the lodge 
where I stop. Each family has its particular portion of the dwell- 
ing, and the furniture of each is kept separate.” (Dunbar, (2), p. 
600.) Comparing the two preceding accounts it is easy to visualize 
the interior of Pawnee earth lodges as they were nearly a century 
ago. 
The preceding references to the women of the villages going early 
in the morning to their fields of corn recall a note in Fremont’s jour- 
nal a few years later. He wrote when returning from the mountains, 
on September 22, 1842, “ We arrived at the village of the Grand 
Pawnees, on the right bank of the river [the Platte] about thirty 
miles above the mouth of the Loup fork. They were gathering in 
their corn, and we obtained from them a very welcome supply of 
vegetables.” (Fremont, (1), p. 78.) 
The villages described in the accounts already quoted were the 
permanent settlements of the tribe, groups of earth-covered lodges 
quite similar to those erected by other tribes in the Upper Missouri 
Valley. Fortunately several remarkable photographs of the villages 
and of the separate structures are in existence, having been made by 
W. H. Jackson in 1871. The most valuable of the early pictures is 
reproduced as plate 49. And here it may be remarked that this is 
a different photograph from the one which was presented as plate 12 
in Bulletin 69 of this bureau’s publications, and although both were 
made at the same time, nevertheless they differ in minor details. It 
is therefore of interest to know two negatives were made at that time. 
This was the village of the Republican Pawnee. In plate 50 are two 
of the large earth-covered lodges, showing the tunnel-like entrances, 
and with many persons sitting on the tops of the structures. The en- 
trance is more clearly shown in plate 51, where a brush mat pr ee 
the side. This may be part of a small inclosure. 
In addition to the permanent earth-covered lodges the Pawnee 
made extensive use of temporary skin-covered shelters, unlike the 
conical lodge of the plains tribes. These served as their habitations 
during the hunting season, when away from their villages. «A most 
valuable and interesting description of the ways and customs of the 
Pawnee while occupying their movable villages was prepared by one 
who, during the summer and autumn of 1835, lived among the peop!e, 
