BUSHNELL] VILLAGES WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI i ay a 
left, a part was cut off by a couple of poles, for the accommodation 
of the horses; the chickens had a coop in one corner, but roam at 
large on most occasions, and the centre is used for a fireplace. The 
lodge was clean, airy, light and comfortable, and there was plenty 
of room for more than those, who I suppose, inhabit it. Behind us 
were hung bows with spears on the ends, and two rude instruments 
of music, made of a number of pumpkins. .. Near the fireplace a 
small wooden mortar was sunk in the ground, for pounding corn. 
The large and high room appeared rather scarce of furniture.” Many 
burials were encountered when passing between the village and Fort 
Clark, and there “ were little patches of corn and pumpkins, gen- 
erally enclosed by a slight bush fence,” these probably being the 
peers belonging to the people of the near-by town. The mortar, 
“sunk in the ground,” as mentioned Les Culbertson, was ev idently 
similar to the example shown in plate 52, 6, a form which was in- 
dicated by Bodmer in his sketch of the Fees of a Mandan lodge, 
plate 40. 
It will be recalled that the village mentioned in the preceding notes 
was the home of the Mandan during the memorable winter of 1804-05, 
when the expedition of Lewis and Clark encamped a few miles below, 
and there the Mandan continued to dw eM until after the epidemic a 
1837. 
In later years the three tribes, Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan, were 
closely associated, living in the vicinity of Fort Berthold, on the 
left bank of the Missouri and about 60 miles above Fort Clark, the 
Arikara having arrived at Fort Berthold, during the month of Au- 
gust, 1862. Evidently their ways of life and customs were quite 
similar, and Matthews, in his work on the Hidatsa in particular, but 
in which he treats of the three tribes in general, said: “ For cleaning 
the village-grounds, they had rakes made of a few osiers tied together, 
the ends curved and spreading. Their most important agricultural 
implement was the hoe. Before they obtained iron utensils of the 
white traders, their only hoes were made of the shoulder-blades of 
elk or buffalo, attached to wooden handles of suitable length . . . as 
late as 1867, I saw a great number in use at Fort Berthold, and pur- 
chased two or three, one of which was sent to’Washington, and, I 
presume, is now on exhibition in the museum of the Smithsonian In- 
stitution.” (Matthews, (1), p. 19.) Several rakes of this description 
are in the collection of the National Museum, Washington. One, 
bearing the legend “Arickaree,” which was obtained at Fort Ber- 
thold, is shown in plate 54, a (U.S.N.M. 6353). It measures 4 feet 
10 inches in length and is formed of six pieces bound together. It is 
also of great interest to know that the hoe which was sent by Dr. 
Matthews to the museum is perfectly preserved. It is here reproduced 
