182 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. #7 
with good buffalo skins, make tolerable resting-places.. Each of 
these wigwams is generally occupied by two families; and the Wako 
tribe is reckoned at about two hundred, that of the Witchitas at 
not less than eight hundred members. These Indians practise agri- 
culture; and beans, peas, maize, gourds, and melons are seen prosper- 
ing very well round their villages.” (Moéllhausen, (1), I, pp. 
115-116.) 
CADDO. 
The “ Caddo proper,” or Cenis as they were called by Joutel, early 
occupied the southwestern part of the present State of Arkansas, the 
Red River Valley, and adjacent region to the south and west. 
La Salle was murdered near the banks of the Trinity, in eastern 
Texas, March 20, 1687. Joutel and several others of the party pushed 
on, and nine days later, when traversing the valley of the Red River, 
arrived at a village of the Cenis. Fortunately a very good account 
of the people and their homes is preserved in Joutel’s narrative, and 
from it the following quotations are made: 
“The Jndian that was with us conducting us to their Chiefs 
Cottage. By the Way, we saw many other Gipeiees s, and the Elders 
coming to meet us in their Formalities, which consisted in some 
Goat Skins dress’d and painted of several Colours, which they wore 
on their Shoulders like Belts, and Plumes of Feathers of several 
Colours, on their Heads, like Coronets ... All their Faces were 
daub’d with black or red. There were twelve Elders, who walk’d in 
the Middle, and the Youth, and Warriors in Ranks, on the Sides of 
those old Men.” After remaining a short time with the chief “ They 
led us to a larger Cottage, a Quarter of a League from thence, being 
the Hut in which they have their public Rejoycings, and the great 
Assemblies. We found it furnish’d with Mats for us to sit on. The 
Elders seated themselves round about us, and they brought us to eat, 
some Sagamite, which is their Pottage, little Beans, Bread made of 
Indian Corn, and another Sort they make with boil’d Flower, and at 
last they made us smoke.” . 
They proceeded to another village not far away, and, so the narra- 
tive continues: “ By the Way, we saw several Cottages at certain 
Distances, stragling up and down, as the Ground happens to be fit 
for Tillage. The Field lies about the Cottage, and at other Distances 
there are other large Huts, not inhabited, but only serving for 
publick Assemblies, either upon Occasion of magne cing, or to consult 
about Peace and War. 
“The Cottages that are inhabited, are not each of them for a 
private Family, for in some of them are fifteen or twenty, each of 
which has its Nook or Corner, Bed and other Utensils to its self; but 
