DENSMOBE] TETON SIOUX MUSIC 315 



the nose part-some small bags of medicine are attached. [See p. 389.] The edges, feet, 

 and ears may be worked in porcupine quills and hung with bells accordiiig to the 

 tastes of the indiWdual owniers. They take the jawbones of the toka'la, paint them red 

 or blue (the old native colors), fasten them on a strip of otterskin or some similar 

 material, and wear the bones on the forehead. On the back of the head is fastened a 

 bunch of crow tail feathers sidewise, and sticking up are two eagle feathers. . . . 

 WTien participating in a dance, the officers paint their bodies yellow. 



Tlie teachings of the society inculcated ''bravery, generosity, 

 chivalry, morality, and fraternity for fellow members." Men who 

 joined the society were recjuired to promise obedience to these teach- 

 ings, and the wliip bearers had whips of a peculiar kind with which 

 they scourged those who disregarded their vows. One of the officers 

 of the society was the custodian of the drum. • 



The "kit-fox dance" as held by the Santee Sioux is described 

 by Dr. Lowie,^ his account differing but slightly from that already 

 quoted. Maximilian notes a society of "the foxes" among the 

 Arikara about the year 1833.' The "Kit-fox society" is included 

 by Dr. Lowie m his list of the Hidatsa^ and also of the Mandan 

 societies.^ The same authority states that, among the Crows, "the 

 Foxes and Lumpwoods had become the most important mihtary 

 societies in the decades immediately preceding the breakdown of the 

 old tribal life."^ Some of the songs of this society are still sung 

 at Fort Berthold, N. Dak., and have been recorded by the writer. 



Miss Fletcher mentions the Toka'lo (Toka'la) among the Omaha as 

 one of two "social societies that were borrowed or introduced from the 

 Dakota. . . . There are no words to the songs — a fact which makes 

 it probable that the music was adopted from another tribe, the foreign 

 words being dropped." " 



In the writer's study among the Teton on the Standing Rock 

 Reservation it was said that "fox songs and coyote songs are the 

 same." It was also decided that certain songs called wolf songs 

 or "Wolf society songs" should be included in this section. In this 

 connection it is mteresting to note that Dr. Lowie found the kit- 

 fox dance called the coyote dance by the Santee at Fort Totten, 

 N. Dak.,'' and that among the Crows of Montana he was told that 

 " aU the societies were originated by the mythical Old Man Coyote." ^ 

 A similar correspondence in the terms "fox" and "coyote" is found 

 in the names of the societies of the Cheyenne, Mooney giving one 



1 Lowie, Robert H., Dance Associations of the Eastern Dakota, Anthr. Papers, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 XI, pt. 2, p. lOo, New York, 1913. ' 



2 Maximilian, Prince of Wied, Travels in the Interior of North America (translated from the German by 

 H. Evans Lloyd), p. 407, London, 1843. 



» Lowie, Robert H. , Societies of the Crow, Hidatsa and Mandan Indians, op. cit. , pt. 3, p. 253. 



« Ibid., p. 296. 



' Ibid., p. 155. 



6 Fletcher, Alice C, and La Flesche, Francis, The Omaha Tribe, op. cit., p. 486. 



' Lowie, Robert H., Dance Associations of the Eastern Dakota, op cit., p. 106. 



3 Lowie, Robert H., Societies of the Crow, Hidatsa and Mandan Indians, op. cit., p. 156, footnote. 



