332 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETllNOLOGY [bull, ei 



the lower octave G natural. This was probably because the higher 

 tone was above the compass of the singer's voice. Two rhythmic 

 units are present, their repetitions comprising most of the song. The 

 melody tones are those of the major triad and second, a tone material 

 found in only 3 of 340 Chippewa songs, and in 8 songs of the present 

 series. About 38 per cent of the intervals are fourths. The average 

 interval is not large, but a compass of 13 tones is accomplished in 

 tliree measures, about midway through the song. The tempo of the 

 drum is slightly slower than that of the voice. 



WAR SONGS (oZU'yE OLO'wAIJ) 

 Consecutive Songs op a Typical War Expedition 



War expeditions were of two kinds — tribal and individual. In the 

 form(>r the tribe acted as a unit, as they did on the buffalo hunt. 

 Thus, if the tribe as a whole needed horses, the only way to secure 

 them was by stealing them from the enemy. The matter was dis- 

 cussed eitlier in the tribal council or in the council of the chiefs. 

 Scouts were selected by the council, or each military society could 

 choose some of its members to act in that capacity, the procedure of 

 selecting and sending the searching party being similar to that 

 which preceded the search for the pole to be used in the Sun dance 

 or a buffalo hunt. (See pp. 109, 439.) The scouts started at night, 

 having been given instructions where to go, and also what to do if 

 they saw the enemy. When the scouts had returned and made 

 their report, the tribe took up its journey. The organization was 

 similar to that of the buffalo hunt, the men being restrained by the 

 aki'cita from any individual action until the time came for the tribe 

 to act as a unit. 



An individual war party could be organized at any time when the 

 tribe was not on a general expedition. A man desiring to organize an 

 individual war party called on his relatives and friends at night, 

 explained his purpose, and asked them to join him. If they were 

 willing to do so they smoked a pipe in token of their acceptance. 

 Such an invitation could scarcely be refused, and the man who 

 gave it became leader of the party. Everythmg concerning the 

 expedition was carefully discussed before starting. The country 

 through which they would pass and the enemies they would meet 

 were somewhat familiar to the warriors, so that the leader could 

 explain verbally the route which he proposed they should take. 

 It was not uncommon, however, for a map to be sketched on the bare 

 ground, and quite customary for a war party to leave behind a 

 "map" on buckskin, showmg the hills and streams they expected to 

 pass, so that other parties could find them if desirable. 



