DENSMORE] NORTHERN UTE MUSIC 207 
The first purpose of the study was to determine the relation of 
the drumbeats to the accents of the voice. In the photograph there 
are 62 drumbeats, which are indicated on the photograph by white *’s, 
and they are numbered consecutively by numerals in circles as @. 
The effect of the drumbeat is to produce a short series of vibrations 
of the general pattern shown in figure 20. 
When the voice is very soft or silent, the drum record is as shown 
at ® and @; when it is superposed on the voice, the effect is shown 
_ by a few extra wide vibrations, as at @, @, and ©. By careful 
study it has been possible to identify all of the drumbeats, though 
some of them are faint. 
The dots in a row below the sound record are time signals one one- 
hundredth second apart. In taking this photograph the film was 
moved by hand, resulting in a varying speed; when the dots are 
nearer together, the corresponding speed is slower. The numerals 
between the *’s are the time intervals between the drumbeats in 
hundredths of a second. 
The first study of the photograph shows a remarkable regularity 
in the rhythmic beats of the drum. The beats occur in pairs follow- 
ing an accented tone of the voice; 30 pairs are shown on the photo- 
Ratio of 2:3 e e e e ® e e ® e 
Ratio of 1:2 e e e e e e ® 
Fig. 21.—Ratios of drumbeats 
graph. The interval between the two beats of a pair is, in 17 
instances, 0.29 second; there are six intervals of 0.28 second, four 
of 0.30 second, two of 0.27 second, and one of 0.31 second. The 
interval may then be said to be 0.29 second, with a variation rarely 
exceeding 0.01 second either way. The average of intervals between 
the pairs of beats is 0.45 second, there being seven of this length; 
there are 10 intervals of 0.44 second, five of 0.46 second, three of 
0.43 second, and five of 0.47 second. Thus the average interval 
between pairs is 0.45 second, the variation from this value rarely 
being more than 0.01 second and never being more than 0.02 second. 
The ratio of the interval between the two beats of a pair to the 
interval between pairs is almost exactly 2:3, and this ratio is main- 
tained with mechanical regularity throughout the song. It was 
suggested that the drumbeats might be thought of as occurring in 
triplicate with one beat of each triplet omitted. This would require 
aratio of 1:2. The difference between the two ratios is shown in the 
spacing of the dots in the following rows (fig. 21): 
A further noticeable peculiarity is that the first beat of a pair of 
drumbeats follows the beginning of an accented voice tone with 
great regularity. Of 25 such instances identified on the photograph 
