78 BUREAU OF AMEKICAI^ ETHNOLOGY [bull. 76 



no change in form ; most of them were battered on the perimeter ; a 

 few had pitted sides; some had been used as pestles, miiUers, or 

 grinding stones until the surface was more or less smooth. All such 

 stones are classed as " pestles," for convenience ; they could have 

 also been used as hammers, bone crushers, and in various other ways. 



In all, 73 mortars were found; counting only those stones which 

 bore marks of use as such. The largest one was at the bottom of 

 the ashes, near the doorway. There were more than 100 pestles 

 which bore evidence of much use; and probably as man}' more on 

 which there was little or no sign of wear. As the cavern was not 

 of sufficient size to provide living quarters for many families at any 

 one time — 10 or 12 at the most — the large number of these utensils 

 may imply that the inmates would not use an object which had 

 previoush- belonged to some one else. 



Among the flint implements there was a wide range in the char- 

 acter of stone, the shape, and the degree of finish, although the varia- 

 tion in size was quite limited. Very few of them may be classed as 

 either large or small. The longest, shown at a in plate 28, measured 

 5^ inches; few were more than 4 or less than 2 inches. Tapering 

 stems predominated. The principal forms are shown in plates 26-28. 

 Only three arrowheads were found ; but this was to be expected, as 

 arrows would be used only out of doors. One of these of clear, fine- 

 grained pink and white chert, shown at h in plate 28, so far sur- 

 passes in delicate finish any other specimen secured that it is prob- 

 ably exotic. The large number of cores, blocks, spalls, and flakes 

 shows that many implements were made and repaired here. But, 

 while a few specimens showed that their fabricators were masters 

 of the chipping art, most of them were roughly finished. Some 

 which are so little altered from the original form of the rough flake 

 or spall that they would be classed as " rejects " if found about a 

 flint workshop have a smoothness or "hand polish" which denotes 

 much service. There is the possibility, of course, that hunting or 

 traveling parties from some other part of the country may have 

 availed themselves of the shelter, either when it was temporarily un- 

 occupied, or as guests of those living in it; and that these, also, 

 may have left some small articles when thej^ departed. However this 

 may have been, all the objects from the top to the bottom of the de- 

 posits, in dry ashes or in sticky mud, in crevices or branch caverns, 

 on the red clay, the barren muck, or the bedrock — all, if we may 

 except the few flints of superior workmanship — are identical in gen- 

 eral character : That is to say, any object from any part of the de- 

 posited material had its practical duplicate at various other points 

 on different levels. 



Only three grooved axes and three pestles were found. They 

 are shown in plate 29, along with a cobblestone used as a pestle. 



