FOWKE] ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 81 



the red clay. This charcoal was carried in by the water at the 

 same time as the earth with which it was associated, and must be 

 due to tires on the hill outside. At any rate, it did not come from 

 any fires made within the cavern. No refuse or worked objects of 

 any kind were found in this black earth, except in the recess in the 

 east wall, as described, and in the upper portion immediately under 

 the ashes. Such as existed outside the recess may have become mixed 

 in the same way ; that is, by being thrown on the top as it existed 

 at the moment and being later covered by the water; or it may 

 have worked in from the ashes above. Nor was there much refuse 

 in the ashes on the rear slope, although these were quite regularly 

 stratified. 



To entirely remove the rocks and clay and expose in a satisfactory 

 manner the bedrock floor would require months of labor, the use of 

 mechanical appliances, and complete drainage to the rear wall through 

 the mouth of the cave. 



Without attempting to make a detailed list, there may be given a 

 summary of the objects shipped to the National Museum : 



12 skulls, most of them more or less broken. 



10 partial skeletons, incliicling those of children. 



8 fragments of skulls from different individuals not included In the above. 



74 objects of shell. 



711 worked tiint objects ; knives, scrapers, cores, etc. 



10 grooved axes, tomahawks, and flint hammers. 



10 mortars. 



40 pestles, stone hammers, rubbing stones, etc. 



413 wrought ob.iects of bone and stag horn. 



2 cla.v pipes. 



1 box of pottery fragments. 



A number of small objects, not classified. 



There were left in the cavern several hundred broken flints; more 

 than 60 mortars ; probably 200 stones used as pestles, hammers, etc., 

 and several large wagonloads of shell, bone, and broken pottery. 



There is no way in which the age of the deposits in either the Mil- 

 ler or the Sells Cave can be determined. The accumulation of ashes 

 in the one and of talus at the front of the other would certainly 

 imply the lapse of several centuries, perhaps a thousand years of 

 continuous occupation. Intermittent habitation would lengthen this 

 period. 



Ramsey's cave 



Ramsey's Cave, better known as Freeman's Cave, is in a bluff on 

 the right bank of Big Piney River, 3 miles below Miller's Cave. It 

 is about 150 feet above the level of the stream and the same below the 

 summit of the hill behind it. Within a hundred yards to east and 

 west are shallow ravines by which access is fairly easy to a ledge 



70341°— 22 6 



