320 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 73 
Sau-wa-no-gee is on a pine flat, 1 three miles below Le-cau-suh, and back from a 
swamp bordering on the river; their fields are on both sides of the river, but mostly 
on the left bank, between the swamp and the river, on a vein of rich canebreak land ; 
they are the Shaw-a-ne, and retain the language and customs of their countrymen 
to the northwest, and aided them in their late war with the United States. Some 
Uchees have settled with them; they are industrious, work with their women, and 
make plenty of corn; they have no cattle, and but few horses and hogs; the town 
house is an oblong square cabin, roof eight feet pitch, the sides and roof covered with 
the bark of the pine; on the left of, the river. 2 
The tribe does not appear in the census list of 1832 unless it may 
be concealed under the appellation ''Kiamulgatown" above men- 
tioned. 3 At what time the Shawnee separated definitely from the 
Creeks I do not know, but it was as early as the time of the removal, 
although their reservations in the west adjoined and the Shawnee 
and Creeks retained their old-time intimacy. 
THE ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF FLORIDA 
History 
Most of the tribes considered hitherto had had very intimate 
relations with the Creek Confederacy, the central object of our in- 
vestigation. We now come to peoples who remained for the most 
part distinct from the Creeks, but whose history nevertheless occu- 
pies an important place in the background of this study — first, 
because they were near neighbors and had dealings with them, usu- 
ally of a hostile character, for a long period, and, secondly, because 
their country was later the home of the Seminole, an important 
Creek offshoot which must presently receive consideration. These 
were the ancient inhabitants of Florida. I have already called atten- 
tion to the distinction which existed between the Timucua of northern 
and central Florida and the south Florida tribes below Tampa Bay and 
Cape Canaveral, 4 and I will discuss the geographical distribution and 
subdivisions of each separately before proceeding to their history 
proper. 
When we first become acquainted with the Timucua Indians 
through the medium of French explorers. we find a great number of 
towns combined into groups under certain powerful chiefs. It is 
probable that all of these groups, like the "empire" of Powhatan, 
were by no means permanent, yet some of the tribes remained domi- 
nant throughout Timucua history and gave their names to mis- 
sionary provinces. The French speak of about five of these associ- 
ations or confederacies. That of Saturiwa, or that headed by Satu- 
riwa — for it is uncertain whether the name belonged properly to a 
tribe or a chief — was on both sides of the lower St. Johns and seems 
to have included Cumberland Island. The Timucua proper, or Utina, 
» The published edition has "forest." 'Senate Doc. 512, 23d Cong., 1st sess., iv, pp. 
» Hawkins in Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., in, pp. 34-35; 302-303. 
ix, p. 41. * Seepp 27-31. 
