400 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 73 
legs, living at Okihamki, just west of Lake Harris or Astatula. 1 Mi- 
konopi came as near being "head chief of the Seminoles" as any 
at the outbreak of the great Seminole war. We may therefore say 
that the nucleus of the Seminole Nation was not merely a body of 
"outcasts" as has been so often represented, but a distinct tribe, 
the Oconee, affiliated, it is true, with the Creeks, but always on the 
outer margin of the confederacy and to a considerable extent an 
independent body, representing not the Muskogee but the Hitchiti 
speaking peoples of southern Georgia — those who called themselves 
Atcik-hata. 2 
The Hitchiti character of this Seminole nucleus comes out still 
stronger when we turn to examine those towns established in the 
wake of the Oconee invasion. The only early lists available are 
those given by Bartram and Hawkins, which are as follows: 
SEMINOLE TOWNS ACCORDING TO BARTRAM (1778) 3 
Suola-nocha. 
Cuscowilla or Alachua. 
Talahasochte. 
Caloosahatche. 
Great island. 
Great hammock. 
Capon. ^Traders' names. 
St. Mark's. 
Forks. 
SEMINOLE TOWNS ACCORDING TO HAWKINS (1799) 4 
Sim-e-no-le-tal-lau-has-see. 
Mic-c-sooc-e. 
We-cho-took-me. 
Au-lot-che-wau. 
Oc-le-wau thluc-co. 
Tal-lau-gue chapco pop-cau. 
Cull-oo-sau hat-che. 
Hawkins says of the Seminole settlements enumerated by him: 
These towns are made from the towns O-co-nee, Sau-woog-e-lo, Eu-fau-lau, Tum- 
mault-lau, Pa-la-chooc-le and Hitch-e-tee. 5 
Of these six towns only Eu-fau-lau is certainly known to have be- 
longed to the Muskogee proper, and one early writer represents this 
as made up of outcasts from all quarters. We do not know the status 
of Tum-mault-lau with certainty, but the form of the name itself, 
the position which it occupied in very early times, and certain other 
i His residence is often given as Pilaklakaha , which appears to have been a Negro town near Okihamki. 
2 See p. 172. 
3 Bartram, Travels, p. 462. 
*Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., in, p. 25. A more nearly phonetic way of rendering the fifth would be Akla- 
waha tako, and the sixth Talaa'lgi tcapko popka ("a place to eat cow or stock peas"). 
8 Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., in, p. 25. 
