vega-/cxi'J!:i)Itionj!:ns VKTKSsicAri.ia a aujsktks. 2'jy 



'kind of ic(\ wliicli is Coi-ukmI dii-ccily !)y (Ik^ fi-(M)/in<;- of thc 

 VViltur ol' tli(^ ()|)('ii (»ccaii, licforc; ii li;is Ixmui .sllt)j((('t lo tlic 

 thawin»:,' iiilhiciicc of (Ik; wcjiihcr in llic sj»riiit;' or of tlic nrctic 

 sumnicr. 



'V\\v. i-('poi'(s or;ii'ctic cxijjoi^ci-s, wiio li;i\(' |»;is.s(m1 \vinl(!rs 

 in ilic inidst ol' llic pohir icc, ;il»onnd in dcsciipiion.s ot" tlic 

 turrorn causod hy tlu! j)r(!.ssiir(! ofllui ])nck-icc. i\ sliip, iiiltiuHid 

 for tho vvint,(M' witliin tlio honndjirics of t lic |>ncl<-ic(i of llic- 

 «<)|)on S(5a, siunns to bo dooincd lo nllinialr dcslrncl ion. 'Tlic 

 '<lan,t2;(n' of ilio .silinition lies in Uk' incossanlly rcncvvcd i'il'l,s 

 in lli(i icc:' »'l'Iic icc is hi-okcn iip and linic(l loi^cllicr aj;ain 

 into ncw coinMnal ions of llic (//hr/s hy Ihc iinilcd clforls of 

 tlio wind.s and soa-cniTiMiis, as wc|] as hy Ihc inUni^ncc of Uk^ 

 'cold, whicli cans(!s ilic ic(^ lo conli-acl, ils \'olnnic anil Ihns 

 jrivcs hirlli 1,0 inniMn<'rahh! rifls. Wy h\uU\vm f (dl oj lem iK^idlnrc 

 tluiso i'ifls incr(!a,s(i in numhor astoundinf^ly. If Ihc sncnv is 

 ^wcpt avvay in iJu; sj)rin,t^, thcrc; will scarccdy \)v fonnd a 

 squaru-inotcn-, which is (h'siitnl,(i of such rifts» 



If tlit! ])aci<-i('(! of Ihc opcn sca. possosscd tho pro]>crty of 

 re<^ular (expansion, which chai-actcjr^izcs tlio puro icc, it vvould 

 bo vvholly inc(»in|irchcnsihlc to ns, hovv th(^ rifts can hc foiMiicd 

 so abundantly oi- ,t;ivc birlli to siudi jun-nicioiis clfccts. lint 

 Il glanco at ihc; <'Ui'V(i ol" volunu^s of sanij)lc \' and W vvill 

 give ns a. clno, hovv to c^xphiin Ww hrcai<in,i;' n|t of innnnnn'- 

 jd)lo rifts in th(! ici; hji a, saddcu Juli of tcmparfdurc 



Sn])pos(! tb(! ic(i to liavc^ b(H!n fornKul hy fr(!(;/in,L!,()f occan- 

 wator of ordinary saltncss, thcn th(^ variations of its vohuniis 

 will bo approxiniatoly ro[)rosonto(l (iithor hy \' or VI. A 

 siiddon fall of t(!nip(!i'atn)-o only allVu-ts tlu! n|»|»cr hiycrs of 

 tho io(!, v\hilc Ihat |>art of IIk^ icc^ snhincr^cd into, oi- in con- 

 tact with tJK! vvator, )'ctain.s tho constant tonip(!raltn-(! of its 

 froozint^ ])oint i. (■. - — 1" or — 2" C. l^^roni tho ^raphic illnstra- 

 lion vvo so(!, that insUtdd of hciiuj coidrdclcd hy Ihc cohl Ihc vol- 

 uma of Ihe icc, increascs cxtroordinordi/. I)ot\vo<;n — 2" and — .')" C 

 ico of tho typo V will oxpand Ojmoh, and hotw(!on — 4".4 and 

 — ()".4 (J ico of liio sain(! kind as Vi (jxpaiids its volnnic O.itojor.T. 

 vSuch oxtraordinary vaiiations of volnnio, which aic coiiti'ary 

 to all i'oi-ni(n- in)lions of th(! bcdiavior of tho icc, can not b(! 

 comparod lo thc ordinaiy cxpaiisi(»n or conti'a(,'lion by lu^al 

 of any li({nid or .solid l)ody, biit vvill only \nmv conipaiM.son 

 with tho ohang(!H of volunu! olfootcul hy t(!inp(n'atiii'c in ^ascioiis 

 bodies. Tho oifcct will hc a bard sli-ain njton llic nppisr 



' Tlic rollovviii;,' (lc.scrii>ti<>ii iw t;ilv('n priniipaliy riom Wc y [jrcc li t,. 



