VEGA-EXPEDITIONENS VETENSKAPLIGA ARBETEK. 337 



by the stream, in spite of a heavy gale from N and NNW 

 blowing the whole day. ' 



According to the observations of Captain Johannesen- 

 in 1870, one part of the stream takes a southerly direction 

 along the coast of Novaya Zemlya, •' while another part seems 

 to round the. northern point of that island and penetrate 

 further into the arctic sea. 



sNach Johannesen treffen an dem nordöstliehsten Ende 

 von Nowaja Semlä zwei Strömnngen zusammen, von denen 

 die eine von Westen kommt, der ganzen West- und Nordkuste 

 des Ländes folgend, eine Fortsetzung des Golfstromes, die 

 andere von Siiden, eine Fortsetzung der Gewässer des Obi 

 und Jenissei.» 



As already mentioned, there begins to appear immediately 

 north of Port Dickson and the 74^^ parallel a layer of cold 

 and salt Avater at the bottom of the sea beneath the warm and 

 fresh river-water at its surface. This is proved sufficiently 

 by the deep-soundings in section XI [on plate 26]. I consider 

 this cold stratum to be an influx of water from the arctic 

 ocean * caused by the mechanical reaction of the surface water 

 in motion upon the deeper layers. 



The principle of this phenomenon is discussed in the 

 paper upon the general causes of the ocean-currents, by Prof. 

 F. L. Ekman, who shows, that every river, which flows into 

 the sea, gives rise to an under-current of sca-water directed 

 towards its embouchure. If there is no bank at the mouth 

 of the river, which stops the intercourse of the deeper strata, 

 the salt water from the ocean also penetrates into the bed of 

 the river. Mr. Ekman has minutely studied a ver}^ remark- 

 able example of this kind of under-current, which occurs in 

 the Göta-Elf at Gothenburg. 



»Here an under-current of salt water from the Kattegatt 

 enters the Elfsborg-fiord towards the mouth of the river, where 

 the salter water rises higher and nearer to the surface the 

 more the stream approaches the embouchure of the river, so 



* See the report of Dr. Kjellman in the desciiption of the Swedish 

 expedition in 1875 to the Yenisei river [Bih. K. V. A. Handl. B. 4 N:o 1]. 



'^ »Die Erschliessung eines Theils des nördl. Eismeeres in 1870», Peter- 

 raann, Mitth. 1870, see also: Kapitän Johannesen's Umfahrung v. Nowaja 

 Semlä im Sommer 1870, ibid. 



3 The original map (manuscript) of Captain Johannescn'6 voyage, 

 on which the direction of this stream is marked ont, is in the possession 

 ■of Prof. Nordenskiöld. 



* See the prosramme of the expedition bv Nordenskiöld 1. c. 



22 



