NO. 10 COCKROACHES—ROTH AND WILLIS 5 
Leucophaea maderae. This is a widely distributed tropical and 
subtropical species (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). It frequents habita- 
tions, warehouses, and other structures, and at times is a very abun- 
dant and serious pest (Rehn, 1945). It is apparently of African origin 
(Rehn, 1937). Heer (1864) found that in Funchal, Madeira, this 
species is found mainly in houses, primarily in kitchens. During the 
day the insects group together in dark places and at night roam 
throughout the house and feed on material of plant origin. Wolcott 
(1950) considered L. maderae to be semidomesticated in Puerto Rico, 
where it is found most often in fruit stores and markets. Sein (1923) 
stated that it is not often found in homes but abounds in small inns 
and other places where fruit, particularly bananas, and vegetables are 
kept. This species has been reported as a household pest in the 
Windward Islands (Marshall, 1878) and the Philippines (Uichanco, 
1953) ; it is definitely a domiciliary species in tropical regions where 
it is established, although it is capable of living apart from man in a 
purely wild state (Gurney, 1953). In New York City an infestation 
of this species was reported to be localized in apartment buildings 
occupied by migrant families from Puerto Rico; it is highly probable 
that the species was introduced from Puerto Rico (Gurney, 1953). 
Nauphoeta cinerea. This is considered to be at least a semidomestic 
species. Rehn (1937) stated his impression that the species originated 
in East Africa and has spread throughout much of the Tropics along 
trade routes. He considered it to be a domiciliary species and stated 
that it occurs in the huts of the Shilluk natives in the Sudan (Rehn, 
1945). It is found in feed rooms of poultry plants in Hawaii (Illing- 
worth, 1942) and in grain stores and fowl-feeding pens in Australia 
where adults have also been found in dwellings (Pope, 1953). Mac- 
kerras and Mackerras (1948) captured this species in hospital wards 
in Australia (see p. 67). N. cinerea has become established in feed 
mills around Tampa, Fla. (Gresham, 1952; Ratcliffe, 1952; Gur- 
ney, 1953). 
Neostylopyga rhombifolia. Hebard (1917) stated that this species 
is probably domiciliary with habits similar to those of Periplaneta 
americana. According to Rehn (1945), it is a domiciliary species of 
Indo-Malayan origin that has spread to Africa and the New World 
(Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina) through the inadvertent agency of 
man. It has been reported as a household pest in the Philippines 
(Uichanco, 1953). 
Periplaneta australasiae. This circumtropical species (Hebard, 
1917) is a household pest in the Philippines (Uichanco, 1953). Pope 
(1953) stated that in Brisbane, Australia, it is commoner in dwellings 
than P. americana. In Puerto Rico its habits are similar to those of 
